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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medical Education (146) e-Learning and Digital Medical Education (977) User Training and Skills (64) Virtual Patients (88) Testing and Assessment in Medical Education (117) Evaluation of Medical Education (164) New Methods and Approaches in Medical Education (429) Training Tools for Medical Students (164)

Published on in Vol 12 (2026)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/82136, first published .
Development and Initial Evaluation of Specific Immersive Competence in Virtual Reality–Based Medical Assessments: Exploratory Observational Study

Development and Initial Evaluation of Specific Immersive Competence in Virtual Reality–Based Medical Assessments: Exploratory Observational Study

Development and Initial Evaluation of Specific Immersive Competence in Virtual Reality–Based Medical Assessments: Exploratory Observational Study

Authors of this article:

Verena Schreiner1 Author Orcid Image ;   Joy Backhaus1 Author Orcid Image ;   Marco Lindner1 Author Orcid Image ;   Melina Heinisch2 Author Orcid Image ;   Sarah König1 Author Orcid Image ;   Sebastian Oberdörfer2 Author Orcid Image ;   Tobias Mühling1 Author Orcid Image
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Journals

  1. Schaal J, Leutritz T, Lindner M, Zamzow A, Backhaus J, König S, Mühling T. Immersive competence as a source of bias in virtual reality clinical assessment. npj Digital Medicine 2026;9(1) View