This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Theme Issue: ChatGPT and Generative Language Models in Medical Education (105) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (665) e-Learning and Digital Medical Education (824) Artificial Intelligence (1847) New Resources for Medical Education (98) New Methods and Approaches in Medical Education (324) Decision Support for Health Professionals (1398) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Education (133)

Published on in Vol 9 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/48785, first published .
Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

Authors of this article:

Carl Preiksaitis1 Author Orcid Image ;   Christian Rose1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (156) Tweetations (19) Metrics

Journals

  1. Hess B, Cupido N, Ross S, Kvern B. Becoming adaptive experts in an era of rapid advances in generative artificial intelligence. Medical Teacher 2024;46(3):300 View
  2. Knopp M, Warm E, Weber D, Kelleher M, Kinnear B, Schumacher D, Santen S, Mendonça E, Turner L. AI-Enabled Medical Education: Threads of Change, Promising Futures, and Risky Realities Across Four Potential Future Worlds. JMIR Medical Education 2023;9:e50373 View
  3. Semeraro F, Gamberini L, Carmona F, Monsieurs K. Clinical questions on advanced life support answered by artificial intelligence. A comparison between ChatGPT, Google Bard and Microsoft Copilot. Resuscitation 2024;195:110114 View
  4. Masters K, Benjamin J, Agrawal A, MacNeill H, Pillow M, Mehta N. Twelve tips on creating and using custom GPTs to enhance health professions education. Medical Teacher 2024;46(6):752 View
  5. Sievert M, Aubreville M, Mueller S, Eckstein M, Breininger K, Iro H, Goncalves M. Diagnosis of malignancy in oropharyngeal confocal laser endomicroscopy using GPT 4.0 with vision. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2024;281(4):2115 View
  6. Lee H, Park S. Information amount, accuracy, and relevance of generative artificial intelligence platforms’ answers regarding learning objectives of medical arthropodology evaluated in English and Korean queries in December 2023: a descriptive study. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 2023;20:39 View
  7. Kumar A, Burr P, Young T. Using AI Text-to-Image Generation to Create Novel Illustrations for Medical Education: Current Limitations as Illustrated by Hypothyroidism and Horner Syndrome. JMIR Medical Education 2024;10:e52155 View
  8. Dash S, Bhoi C. Exploring the Intersection of Education and Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science 2024;2(02):601 View
  9. Goyanes M, Lopezosa C. ChatGPT en Ciencias Sociales: revisión de la literatura sobre el uso de inteligencia artificial (IA) de OpenAI en investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Anuario ThinkEPI 2024;18 View
  10. Encarnação R, Manuel T, Palheira H, Neves-Amado J, Alves P. Artificial Intelligence in Wound Care Education: Protocol for a Scoping Review. Nursing Reports 2024;14(1):627 View
  11. Xu X, Chen Y, Miao J. Opportunities, challenges, and future directions of large language models, including ChatGPT in medical education: a systematic scoping review. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 2024;21:6 View
  12. Preiksaitis C, Ashenburg N, Bunney G, Chu A, Kabeer R, Riley F, Ribeira R, Rose C. The Role of Large Language Models in Transforming Emergency Medicine: Scoping Review. JMIR Medical Informatics 2024;12:e53787 View
  13. Schaye V, Triola M. The generative artificial intelligence revolution: How hospitalists can lead the transformation of medical education. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2024;19(12):1181 View
  14. Moulaei K, Yadegari A, Baharestani M, Farzanbakhsh S, Sabet B, Reza Afrash M. Generative artificial intelligence in healthcare: A scoping review on benefits, challenges and applications. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2024;188:105474 View
  15. Skryd A, Lawrence K. ChatGPT as a Tool for Medical Education and Clinical Decision-Making on the Wards: Case Study. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e51346 View
  16. Naqvi W, Shaikh S, Mishra G. Large language models in physical therapy: time to adapt and adept. Frontiers in Public Health 2024;12 View
  17. Zhang J, Yang P, Zeng L, Li S, Zhou J. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prediction Models Based on AI: Scoping Review. JMIR Medical Informatics 2024;12:e57026 View
  18. Temsah M, Alhuzaimi A, Almansour M, Aljamaan F, Alhasan K, Batarfi M, Altamimi I, Alharbi A, Alsuhaibani A, Alwakeel L, Alzahrani A, Alsulaim K, Jamal A, Khayat A, Alghamdi M, Halwani R, Khan M, Al-Eyadhy A, Nazer R. Art or Artifact: Evaluating the Accuracy, Appeal, and Educational Value of AI-Generated Imagery in DALL·E 3 for Illustrating Congenital Heart Diseases. Journal of Medical Systems 2024;48(1) View
  19. Pang S, Nol E, Heng K. ChatGPT-4o for English language teaching and learning: Features, applications, and future prospects. SSRN Electronic Journal 2024 View
  20. Haddud A. ChatGPT in supply chains: exploring potential applications, benefits and challenges. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 2024;35(7):1293 View
  21. Flitcroft M, Sheriff S, Wolfrath N, Maddula R, McConnell L, Xing Y, Haines K, Wong S, Kothari A. Performance of Artificial Intelligence Content Detectors Using Human and Artificial Intelligence-Generated Scientific Writing. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2024;31(10):6387 View
  22. Li J, Zong H, Wu E, Wu R, Peng Z, Zhao J, Yang L, Xie H, Shen B. Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence to enhance the writing of english academic papers by non-native english-speaking medical students - the educational application of ChatGPT. BMC Medical Education 2024;24(1) View
  23. Desouky E, Jallad S, Bhardwa J, Sharma H, Kalsi J. ChatGPT sitting for FRCS Urology examination: Will artificial intelligence get certified?. Journal of Clinical Urology 2024 View
  24. Almansour M, Alfhaid F. Generative artificial intelligence and the personalization of health professional education: A narrative review. Medicine 2024;103(31):e38955 View
  25. Hill S, Carranco S, LugoMorales A, Rayburn W. Obstetrician-Gynecologist Hospitalists as Educators. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2024;51(3):503 View
  26. Aljamaan F, Temsah M, Altamimi I, Al-Eyadhy A, Jamal A, Alhasan K, Mesallam T, Farahat M, Malki K. Reference Hallucination Score for Medical Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Medical Informatics 2024;12:e54345 View
  27. Annapureddy R, Fornaroli A, Gatica-Perez D. Generative AI Literacy: Twelve Defining Competencies. Digital Government: Research and Practice 2025;6(1):1 View
  28. Shapiro J, Baum S, Pavlotzky F, Mordehai Y, Barzilai A, Freud T, Gershon R. Application of a natural language processing artificial intelligence tool in psoriasis: A cross-sectional comparative study on identifying affected areas in patients’ data. Clinics in Dermatology 2024;42(5):480 View
  29. Lin A, Zhu L, Mou W, Yuan Z, Cheng Q, Jiang A, Luo P. Advancing generative artificial intelligence in medicine: recommendations for standardized evaluation. International Journal of Surgery 2024;110(8):4547 View
  30. Teo Z, Quek C, Wong J, Ting D. Cybersecurity in the generative artificial intelligence era. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 2024;13(4):100091 View
  31. Gupta R, Hamid A, Jhaveri M, Patel N, Suthar P. Comparative Evaluation of AI Models Such as ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, and Google Gemini in Neuroradiology Diagnostics. Cureus 2024 View
  32. Honig C, Desu A, Franklin J. GenAI in the classroom: Customized GPT roleplay for process safety education. Education for Chemical Engineers 2024;49:55 View
  33. Mirzaei T, Amini L, Esmaeilzadeh P. Clinician voices on ethics of LLM integration in healthcare: a thematic analysis of ethical concerns and implications. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2024;24(1) View
  34. Dwivedi R, Elluri L. Exploring Generative Artificial Intelligence Research: A Bibliometric Analysis Approach. IEEE Access 2024;12:119884 View
  35. Bahir D, Zur O, Attal L, Nujeidat Z, Knaanie A, Pikkel J, Mimouni M, Plopsky G. Gemini AI vs. ChatGPT: A comprehensive examination alongside ophthalmology residents in medical knowledge. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2024 View
  36. Hersh W, Fultz Hollis K. Results and implications for generative AI in a large introductory biomedical and health informatics course. npj Digital Medicine 2024;7(1) View
  37. Meylani R. Artificial Intelligence in the Education of Teachers: A Qualitative Synthesis of the Cutting-Edge Research Literature. Journal of Computer and Education Research 2024;12(24):600 View
  38. Sallam M, Al-Mahzoum K, Almutairi Y, Alaqeel O, Abu Salami A, Almutairi Z, Alsarraf A, Barakat M. Anxiety among Medical Students Regarding Generative Artificial Intelligence Models: A Pilot Descriptive Study. International Medical Education 2024;3(4):406 View
  39. Morreale M, Balon R, Beresin E, Seritan A, Castillo E, Thomas L, Louie A, Aggarwal R, Guerrero A, Coverdale J, Brenner A. Artificial Intelligence and Medical Education, Academic Writing, and Journal Policies: A Focus on Large Language Models. Academic Psychiatry 2025;49(1):5 View
  40. Torre D, Schuwirth L. Programmatic assessment for learning: A programmatically designed assessment for the purpose of learning: AMEE Guide No. 174. Medical Teacher 2025;47(6):918 View
  41. Alfirević N, Rendulić D, Fošner M, Fošner A. Educational Roles and Scenarios for Large Language Models: An Ethnographic Research Study of Artificial Intelligence. Informatics 2024;11(4):78 View
  42. Seo W, Kim M. Utilization of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Education: A Topic Modeling Analysis. Education Sciences 2024;14(11):1234 View
  43. Aster A, Laupichler M, Rockwell-Kollmann T, Masala G, Bala E, Raupach T. ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models in Medical Education — Scoping Literature Review. Medical Science Educator 2024;35(1):555 View
  44. Onoue T, Asada Y, Imafuku R, Kou S, Takami H, Takahashi Y, Nomura O, Saiki T. Developing competencies relating to information science and technology in Japanese undergraduate medical education. Medical Teacher 2024;46(sup1) View
  45. Hong Y, Song C, Jiang Z, Zhang W. Mapping the Landscape of Medical Humanities Education: Trends and Insights. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2024 View
  46. Xiao J, Xu Z, Xiao A, Wang X, Skare M. Overcoming barriers and seizing opportunities in the innovative adoption of next-generation digital technologies. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 2024;9(4):100622 View
  47. Cheng H. ChatGPT’s Attitude, Knowledge, and Clinical Application in Geriatrics Practice and Education: Exploratory Observational Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e63494 View
  48. Blaß M, Gimpel H, Karnebogen P. A Taxonomy and Archetypes of AI-Based Health Care Services: Qualitative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e53986 View
  49. Baig M, Hobson C, GholamHosseini H, Ullah E, Afifi S. Generative AI in Improving Personalized Patient Care Plans: Opportunities and Barriers Towards Its Wider Adoption. Applied Sciences 2024;14(23):10899 View
  50. Gunesli I, Aksun S, Fathelbab J, Yildiz B. Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Gemini on PCOS assessment and management based on recommendations from the 2023 guideline. Endocrine 2024;88(1):315 View
  51. Alonso Sousa S, Flay K. A Survey of Veterinary Student Perceptions on Integrating ChatGPT in Veterinary Education Through AI-Driven Exercises. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 2024 View
  52. Safadi M, Zayegh O, Hawoot Z. Advancing Innovation in Medical Presentations: A Guide for Medical Educators to Use Images Generated With Artificial Intelligence. Cureus 2024 View
  53. Eisinger F, Holderried F, Mahling M, Stegemann–Philipps C, Herrmann–Werner A, Nazarenus E, Sonanini A, Guthoff M, Eickhoff C, Holderried M. What’s Going On With Me and How Can I Better Manage My Health? The Potential of GPT-4 to Transform Discharge Letters Into Patient-Centered Letters to Enhance Patient Safety: Prospective, Exploratory Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e67143 View
  54. Ebnali Harari R, Altaweel A, Ahram T, Keehner M, Shokoohi H. A randomized controlled trial on evaluating clinician-supervised generative AI for decision support. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2025;195:105701 View
  55. Birks S, Gray J, Darling-Pomranz C. Using artificial intelligence to provide a ‘flipped assessment’ approach to medical education learning opportunities. Medical Teacher 2024:1 View
  56. Veras M, Dyer J, Shannon H, Bogie B, Ronney M, Sekhon H, Rutherford D, Silva P, Kairy D. A mixed methods crossover randomized controlled trial exploring the experiences, perceptions, and usability of artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) in health sciences education. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  57. Al Shahrani A, Alhumaidan N, AlHindawi Z, Althobaiti A, Aloufi K, Almughamisi R, Aldalbahi A. Readiness to Embrace Artificial Intelligence Among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia: A National Survey. Healthcare 2024;12(24):2504 View
  58. Hasan S, Fury M, Woo J, Kunze K, Ramkumar P. Ethical Application of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 2025;41(4):874 View
  59. Giavina Bianchi M, D’adario A, Giavina Bianchi P, Machado B, Agondi R, Almeida S, Alves Junior W, Armelin L, Vivolo Aun M, Bordignon N, Boufleur K, Brunheroto F, Callegaro E, Castro P, Chong-Neto H, Dall’Osto M, Abou Dias J, Ferreira V, Oliveira Feodrippe A, Fonseca L, Garcia C, Giavina-Bianchi B, Goudouris E, Gonçalves D, Hernandes D, Imad M, Izabel L, Cauê Jacintho L, Khouri-Panzarin C, Kuschnir F, Pádua Lima M, Lopes A, Macêdo Nóbrega Lopes L, Rocha de Magalhães A, Mansour E, Marinho A, Martimiano V, Milori P, Marcondes Mutarelli A, Gonçalves Nogueira G, Oguido B, Alarcon de Oliveira B, Costa de Oliveira E, Padulla G, D’Ordaz Lhano Santos L, Meneses Santos M, Sarinho E, Schoen M, Sousa B, Magalhães de Souza-Lima E, Todt B, Braz da Silva Vaz N. Three versions of an atopic dermatitis case report written by humans, artificial intelligence, or both: Identification of authorship and preferences. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global 2025;4(1):100373 View
  60. Chen Y, Qi H, Qiu Y, Li J, Zhu L, Gao X, Wang H, Jiang G. Artificial intelligence in medical problem-based learning: opportunities and challenges. Global Medical Education 2024 View
  61. Patel S, Patel R. Embracing Large Language Models for Adult Life Support Learning. Cureus 2024 View
  62. Lázaro C, Angulo C. Iterative Application of UMAP-Based Algorithms for Fully Synthetic Healthcare Tabular Data Generation. Algorithms 2024;17(12):591 View
  63. Gupta N, Khatri K, Malik Y, Lakhani A, Kanwal A, Aggarwal S, Dahuja A. Exploring prospects, hurdles, and road ahead for generative artificial intelligence in orthopedic education and training. BMC Medical Education 2024;24(1) View
  64. Mulyani H, Istiaq M, Shauki E, Kurniati F, Arlinda H. Transforming education: exploring the influence of generative AI on teaching performance. Cogent Education 2025;12(1) View
  65. Ghozali M. Assessing ChatGPT’s accuracy and reliability in asthma general knowledge: implications for artificial intelligence use in public health education. Journal of Asthma 2025;62(6):975 View
  66. De Marco E, Virga M, Torresi M, Catellani S, Pingani L, Ferrazzi G. "Should I trust or Should I not?" A Survey to measure AI Confidence Levels Among Students of the bachelor's degree in Psychiatric Rehabilitation Techniques and Psychiatry Residents. Introduction. RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA 2024;148(3):45 View
  67. Chytas D, Noussios G, Paraskevas G, Vasiliadis A, Giovanidis G, Troupis T. Can ChatGPT play a significant role in anatomy education? A scoping review. Morphologie 2025;109(365):100949 View
  68. Sami A, Tanveer F, Sajwani K, Kiran N, Javed M, Ozsahin D, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Medical students’ attitudes toward AI in education: perception, effectiveness, and its credibility. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  69. May T, Fan Y, Stone G, Koskey K, Sondergeld C, Folger T, Archer J, Provinzano K, Johnson C. An Effectiveness Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools Used to Develop Multiple-Choice Test Items. Education Sciences 2025;15(2):144 View
  70. Blatch-Jones A, Church H, Crane K. Exploring the potential benefits and challenges of artificial intelligence for research funding organisations: a scoping review. F1000Research 2025;14:126 View
  71. Attal L, Shvartz E, Nakhoul N, Bahir D. Chat GPT 4o vs residents: French language evaluation in ophthalmology. AJO International 2025;2(1):100104 View
  72. Feigerlova E, Hani H, Hothersall-Davies E. A systematic review of the impact of artificial intelligence on educational outcomes in health professions education. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  73. Waldock W, Lam G, Baptista A, Walls R, Sam A. Which curriculum components do medical students find most helpful for evaluating AI outputs?. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  74. Honig C, Rios S, Desu A. Generative AI in engineering education: understanding acceptance and use of new GPT teaching tools within a UTAUT framework. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education 2025:1 View
  75. Lo Bianco G, Cascella M, Li S, Day M, Kapural L, Robinson C, Sinagra E. Reliability, Accuracy, and Comprehensibility of AI-Based Responses to Common Patient Questions Regarding Spinal Cord Stimulation. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(5):1453 View
  76. Chai D, Kim H, Kim K, Ha Y, Shin S, Yoon S. Generative Artificial Intelligence in Instructional System Design. Human Resource Development Review 2025 View
  77. Chaddad A, Jiang Y. Integrating Technologies in the Metaverse for Enhanced Healthcare and Medical Education. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies 2025;18:216 View
  78. Lo Bianco G, Robinson C, D’Angelo F, Cascella M, Natoli S, Sinagra E, Mercadante S, Drago F. Effectiveness of Generative Artificial Intelligence-Driven Responses to Patient Concerns in Long-Term Opioid Therapy: Cross-Model Assessment. Biomedicines 2025;13(3):636 View
  79. Altorfer F, Kelly M, Avrumova F, Rohatgi V, Zhu J, Bono C, Lebl D. The double-edged sword of generative AI: surpassing an expert or a deceptive “false friend”?. The Spine Journal 2025;25(8):1635 View
  80. Phipps B, Hadoux X, Sheng B, Campbell J, Liu T, Keane P, Cheung C, Chung T, Wong T, van Wijngaarden P. AI image generation technology in ophthalmology: Use, misuse and future applications. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 2025;106:101353 View
  81. Dekerlegand R, Bell A, Clancy M, Pletcher E, Pollen T. Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education: Insights from Rehabilitation Sciences Students. Education Sciences 2025;15(3):380 View
  82. Park M, Jeon J, Hur J, Yoo H, Lee J. Integrating Generative AI into Clinical Practice Education: Enhancing Personalized Medicine Delivery Skills for Korean Medicine Students. Journal of Korean Medicine 2025;46(1):87 View
  83. 陈 冲. Scope Review of the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Education. Nursing Science 2025;14(03):337 View
  84. Takita H, Kabata D, Walston S, Tatekawa H, Saito K, Tsujimoto Y, Miki Y, Ueda D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance comparison between generative AI and physicians. npj Digital Medicine 2025;8(1) View
  85. Lee Q, Chen M, Ong C, Ho C. The role of generative artificial intelligence in psychiatric education– a scoping review. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  86. Barr A, Leverenz D. Rheumatology Medical Education Year in Review, 2023 to 2024. Arthritis Care & Research 2025 View
  87. Schaye V, DiTullio D, Sartori D, Hauck K, Haller M, Reinstein I, Guzman B, Burk-Rafel J. Artificial intelligence based assessment of clinical reasoning documentation: an observational study of the impact of the clinical learning environment on resident documentation quality. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  88. Pasarica M, Plochocki J, Dvorak R, Rodriguez N. Using Artificial Intelligence for Identifying Quality Improvement Interventions in Clinical Medical Clerkships: AI for QI. Medical Science Educator 2025 View
  89. Costa-Dookhan K, Adirim Z, Maslej M, Donner K, Rodak T, Soklaridis S, Sockalingam S, Thakur A. Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Nonpsychomotor Skills Training in Health Professions Education: A Scoping Review. Academic Medicine 2025;100(5):635 View
  90. Chokkakula S, Chong S, Yang B, Jiang H, Yu J, Han R, Attitalla I, Yin C, Zhang S. Quantum leap in medical mentorship: exploring ChatGPT’s transition from textbooks to terabytes. Frontiers in Medicine 2025;12 View
  91. Rouzrokh P, Khosravi B, Faghani S, Moassefi M, Shariatnia M, Rouzrokh P, Erickson B. A Current Review of Generative AI in Medicine: Core Concepts, Applications, and Current Limitations. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2025;18(7):246 View
  92. Tang Q, Deng W, Huang Y, Wang S, Zhang H. Can Generative Artificial Intelligence be a Good Teaching Assistant?—An Empirical Analysis Based on Generative AI‐Assisted Teaching. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 2025;41(3) View
  93. Alsahafi Z, Baashar A. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Artificial Intelligence Among Medical Students and Academics in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2025 View
  94. Peacock J, Cole R, Duncan J, Jensen B, Snively B, Samuel A. Transforming Military Healthcare Education and Training: AI Integration for Future Readiness. Military Medicine 2025 View
  95. Morosky C, Baecher-Lind L, Chen K, Fleming A, Sims S, Morgan H, Royce C, Sonn T, Stephenson-Famy A, Sutton J, Schaffir J, Bhargava R. Practical applications of artificial intelligence chatbots in obstetrics and gynecology medical education. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2025;233(1):4 View
  96. Lusetti F, Maimaris S, La Rosa G, Scalvini D, Schiepatti A, Biagi F, De Bernardi A, Manes G, Saibeni S. Applications of generative artificial intelligence in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. Digestive and Liver Disease 2025 View
  97. Luo Z, Kam S, Kim J, Hu W, Lin C, Park H, Shin Y. Does the Quality and Readability of Information Related to Varicocele Obtained from ChatGPT 4.0 Remain Consistent Across Different Models of Inquiry?. The World Journal of Men's Health 2025;43 View
  98. Garcia M, Rosak-Szyrocka J, Yilmaz R, Metwally A, Acut D, Ofosu-Ampong K, Erdoğdu F, Fung C, Bozkurt A. Rethinking Educational Assessment in the Age of Generative AI: Actionable Strategies to Mitigate Academic Dishonesty. SSRN Electronic Journal 2025 View
  99. Mahl D, Schäfer M, Voinea S, Adib K, Duncan B, Salvi C, Novillo-Ortiz D. Responsible artificial intelligence in public health: a Delphi study on risk communication, community engagement and infodemic management. BMJ Global Health 2025;10(5):e018545 View
  100. Naqvi W, Ganjoo R, Rowe M, Pashine A, Mishra G. Critical thinking in the age of generative AI: implications for health sciences education. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2025;8 View
  101. Tran M, Balasooriya C, Jonnagaddala J, Leung G, Mahboobani N, Ramani S, Rhee J, Schuwirth L, Najafzadeh-Tabrizi N, Semmler C, Wong Z. Situating governance and regulatory concerns for generative artificial intelligence and large language models in medical education. npj Digital Medicine 2025;8(1) View
  102. Fošner A, Aver B. AI chatbots in higher education: Students’ beliefs and concerns. Sustainable Futures 2025;9:100734 View
  103. Bianchi J, Zheng M. Leveraging Generative Artificial Intelligence in Teaching, Scholarship and Dental Education: Use Cases and Reflections. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 2025 View
  104. Bajwa M, LeMoine J, Morris M, Bajwa N. The Partnership Principle for Healthcare Simulations Using Artificial Intelligence: Simulationists and Techies Need to Communicate!. Cureus Journal of Computer Science 2025 View
  105. Radó N, Németh O, Békási S. Co-Design of a Health Screening Program Fact Sheet by People Experiencing Homelessness and ChatGPT: Focus Group Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e68316 View
  106. Dal İ. Evaluation of artificial intelligence in thoracic surgery internship education: accuracy and usability of AI-generated exam questions. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine 2025;8(3):524 View
  107. Shean R, Shah T, Sobhani S, Tang A, Setayesh A, Bolo K, Nguyen V, Xu B. OpenAI o1 Large Language Model Outperforms GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5 Flash, and Human Test Takers on Ophthalmology Board–Style Questions. Ophthalmology Science 2025;5(6):100844 View
  108. Zaim M, Arsyad S, Waluyo B, Ardi H, Al Hafizh M, Zakiyah M, Syafitri W, Nusi A, Hardiah M. Generative AI as a Cognitive Co-Pilot in English Language Learning in Higher Education. Education Sciences 2025;15(6):686 View
  109. Soroush A, Sabnis S, Mehta S, Siddique S. Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Gastroenterology Workforce and Practice. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2025 View
  110. Geersing G, de Wit N, Thompson M. Generative artificial intelligence for general practice; new potential ahead, but are we ready?. European Journal of General Practice 2025;31(1) View
  111. Jones B, Desu A, Honig C. Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Virtual Patients in Dental Education: A Constructivist Approach to Classroom Implementation. European Journal of Dental Education 2025 View
  112. Qian Y. Pedagogical Applications of Generative AI in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of the Field. TechTrends 2025 View
  113. Sales C, Coates S. Applications of Artificial Intelligence for High-Burden, Underserved Skin Diseases in Global Settings: a Review. Current Dermatology Reports 2025;14(1) View
  114. Gomes J, Eiseman M, Joseph J. The Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Physician Assistant Education. The Journal of Physician Assistant Education 2025 View
  115. Gu J, Yan Z. Effects of GenAI Interventions on Student Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research 2025 View
  116. Çetinkaya L. Redefining Mentorship in Medical Education with Artificial Intelligence: A Delphi Study on the Feasibility and Implications. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 2025:1 View
  117. Mehta S, Haddad E, Burke I, Majors A, Maeda R, Burke S, Deshpande A, Nowacki A, Lindenmeyer C, Mehta N. Assessment of Large Language Model Performance on Medical School Essay-Style Concept Appraisal Questions: Exploratory Study. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e72034 View
  118. Kaya M, Sonmez E, Halici A, Yildirim H, Coskun A. Comparison of AI-generated and clinician-designed multiple-choice questions in emergency medicine exam: a psychometric analysis. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  119. Moldt J, Festl-Wietek T, Fuhl W, Zabel S, Claassen M, Wagner S, Nieselt K, Herrmann-Werner A. Exploring the social dimensions of AI integration in healthcare: a qualitative study of stakeholder views on challenges and opportunities. BMJ Open 2025;15(6):e096208 View
  120. Samuel A, Larsen K, Durning S. A Self‐Compassion Toolbox for Clinical Educators in the Era of ChatGPT. The Clinical Teacher 2025;22(4) View
  121. García de Blanes Sebastián M, Díaz-Marcos L, Aguado Tevar Ó, Delso Vicente A. Análisis de las aplicaciones de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa en sectores estratégicos: Una revisión de literatura. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social 2025;(83):1 View
  122. Nadarajah A, Malekzadeh G, Ratnapalan S. The use of artificial intelligence in paediatric postgraduate medical education: A scoping review. Paediatrics & Child Health 2025 View
  123. Hopson S, Mildon C, Hassard K, Kubalek C, Laverty L, Urie P, Corte D. Enhancing AI literacy in undergraduate pre-medical education through student associations: an educational intervention. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  124. Chen C, Dong Y, Castillo-Zambrano C, Bencheqroun H, Barwise A, Hoffman A, Nalaie K, Qiu Y, Boulekbache O, Niven A. A systematic multimodal assessment of AI machine translation tools for enhancing access to critical care education internationally. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  125. Davis P, Napole A, Reddy C, Palepu S, Wu A, Mannam S, Gajjar A, Jabarkheel R, Ajmera S, Ahmad H, Scott K, Sioutas G, Shekhtman O, Kandregula S, Rahmani R, Catapano J, Burkhardt J, Srinivasan V. Systematic evaluation of AI-based text-to-image models for generating medical illustrations in neurosurgery: a multi-stage comparative study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2025;257:109039 View
  126. Hao W, Chen C, Chen K, Li L, Chiu C, Yang T, Jong H, Yang H, Huang C, Liu J, Li Y. ChatGPT Performance Deteriorated in Patients with Comorbidities When Providing Cardiological Therapeutic Consultations. Healthcare 2025;13(13):1598 View
  127. Hachoumi N, Eddabbah M, El adib A. Enhancing teaching and learning in health sciences education through the integration of Bloom's taxonomy and artificial intelligence. Informatics and Health 2025;2(2):130 View
  128. Wang Z, Fan T, Li M, Zhu N, Wang X. Feasibility study of using GPT for history-taking training in medical education: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  129. Magzoub M, Zafar I, Munshi F, Shersad F. Ten tips to harnessing generative AI for high-quality MCQS in medical education assessment. Medical Education Online 2025;30(1) View
  130. Prosen M, Ličen S. Perceptions, Ethical Challenges and Sustainable Integration of Generative AI in Health Science Education: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sustainability 2025;17(14):6546 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Gökoğlu S. Transforming Education With Generative AI. View
  2. Chaudhry M, Goswami N. Integrating Generative AI in Education to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals. View
  3. Chen M, Hsu T, Hsu T. Innovative Technologies and Learning. View
  4. Kumari R, Singh R. Examining the Metaverse in Healthcare. View
  5. Yadav S. Cutting-Edge Technologies for Business Sectors. View
  6. Li B, Weng Y, Song Q, Liang L, Min X, Zhou S. Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing. View
  7. Jiang N, Hasanzadeh S, Duffy V. HCI International 2024 – Late Breaking Papers. View
  8. Türker P, Öztürk M. Next-Generation AI Methodologies in Education. View
  9. Bapat O, Prakash C, Paliwal M. Human Resource Management in the Age of Generative AI. View
  10. Khan S. Fundamentals of AI for Medical Education, Research and Practice. View
  11. Garcia M, Rosak-Szyrocka J, Yılmaz R, Metwally A, Acut D, Ofosu-Ampong K, Erdoğdu F, Fung C, Bozkurt A. Pitfalls of AI Integration in Education. View
  12. Hoti F, Mouloudj K, Kabashi D, Terziqi H, Ukëhaxhaj A. Teaching in the Age of Medical Technology. View
  13. Garcia M, de Almeida R, Acut D, de Almeida R, Garcia P, Stefani E. Teaching in the Age of Medical Technology. View
  14. Rohanadeera S, Hewagamage K. Ubi-Media Computing, Pervasive Systems, Algorithms and Networks. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Ustymenko S, Phadke A. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Southeast Conference on ZZZ. Promise and Challenges of Generative AI in Healthcare Information Systems View
  2. Wang X, Chen Z. Proceedings of the 2024 International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Education. Necessity of artificial intelligence in medical education and teaching View
  3. Miranda J, Bansil J, Fernando E, Gamboa A, Hernandez H, Cruz M, Dianelo R, Gonzales D, Penecilla E. 2024 2nd International Conference on Technology Innovation and Its Applications (ICTIIA). Prevalence, Devices Used, Reasons for Use, Trust, Barriers, and Challenges in Utilizing Generative AI among Tertiary Students View
  4. Zhang H, Xie J, Wu C, Cai J, Kim C, Carroll J. The 25th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education. The Future of Learning: Large Language Models through the Lens of Students View
  5. Garima S, Swapnil M, Shashank S. 2024 ITU Kaleidoscope: Innovation and Digital Transformation for a Sustainable World (ITU K). Harnessing the Power of Language Models for Intelligent Digital Health Services View
  6. Bonde L. 2024 IEEE SmartBlock4Africa. A Generative Artificial Intelligence Based Tutor for Personalized Learning View
  7. Manoj R, G N. 2024 IEEE 12th Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). A Comprehensive Investigation on Leveraging Generative AI and Large Language Models in the Healthcare Domain View
  8. Shi Y, Huang W, Sang Y. 2024 4th International Conference on Educational Technology (ICET). A Narrative Review of Utilizing Generative Artificial Intelligence in Classroom Instructions View
  9. Zhang D, Zhao X, Zhou G. 2024 14th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME). Application of Generative AI in the Teaching of Human Resource Management Course for Medical and Health Management Majors View
  10. Wang A, Ruparel R, Iurchenko A, Jhun P, Séguin J, Strachan P, Wong R, Karthikesalingam A, Matias Y, Hassidim A, Webster D, Semturs C, Krause J, Schaekermann M. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Generative AI for medical education: Insights from a case study with medical students and an AI tutor for clinical reasoning View
  11. Wang K, Wu Z, Tufts L, Wieman C, Salehi S, Haber N. 2025 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). Scaffold or Crutch? Examining College Students' Use and Views of Generative AI Tools for STEM Education View
  12. Ponnupillai A, Earnest B, Madhavan P, Phyu K, Sear L, Ponnupillai A, Thein W. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COGNITIVE COMPUTING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ICCCAI - 2024). Bridging the gap between AI and medical education: Current implications and future perspectives View