Published on in Vol 9 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/48785, first published .
Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

Authors of this article:

Carl Preiksaitis1 Author Orcid Image ;   Christian Rose1 Author Orcid Image

Journals

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  124. Chen C, Dong Y, Castillo-Zambrano C, Bencheqroun H, Barwise A, Hoffman A, Nalaie K, Qiu Y, Boulekbache O, Niven A. A systematic multimodal assessment of AI machine translation tools for enhancing access to critical care education internationally. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  125. Davis P, Napole A, Reddy C, Palepu S, Wu A, Mannam S, Gajjar A, Jabarkheel R, Ajmera S, Ahmad H, Scott K, Sioutas G, Shekhtman O, Kandregula S, Rahmani R, Catapano J, Burkhardt J, Srinivasan V. Systematic evaluation of AI-based text-to-image models for generating medical illustrations in neurosurgery: a multi-stage comparative study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2025;257:109039 View
  126. Hao W, Chen C, Chen K, Li L, Chiu C, Yang T, Jong H, Yang H, Huang C, Liu J, Li Y. ChatGPT Performance Deteriorated in Patients with Comorbidities When Providing Cardiological Therapeutic Consultations. Healthcare 2025;13(13):1598 View
  127. Hachoumi N, Eddabbah M, El adib A. Enhancing teaching and learning in health sciences education through the integration of Bloom's taxonomy and artificial intelligence. Informatics and Health 2025;2(2):130 View
  128. Wang Z, Fan T, Li M, Zhu N, Wang X. Feasibility study of using GPT for history-taking training in medical education: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  129. Magzoub M, Zafar I, Munshi F, Shersad F. Ten tips to harnessing generative AI for high-quality MCQS in medical education assessment. Medical Education Online 2025;30(1) View
  130. Prosen M, Ličen S. Perceptions, Ethical Challenges and Sustainable Integration of Generative AI in Health Science Education: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sustainability 2025;17(14):6546 View
  131. Wang Z, Zhang Y, Gu J, Chen Y, Long Y, Xia X, Zhang P, Zhu C, Wang Z, Dou Q, Wang Z, Zhang Z. HiEndo: harnessing large-scale data for generating high-resolution laparoscopy videos under a two-stage framework. Computer Assisted Surgery 2025;30(1) View
  132. Abubakari M. Generative AI literacy and lifelong learning: A literature overview. Forum for Education Studies 2025;3(3):2621 View
  133. Sato H, Ogasawara K, Sakurai H. Performance Evaluation of 18 Generative AI Models (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, and Perplexity) in 2024 Japanese Pharmacist Licensing Examination: Comparative Study. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e76925 View
  134. Aldreabi H, Alhur M, Al-Okaily M, Qasim D, Dahdoul N, Shiyyab F. Unveiling the dynamics of generative AI adoption: A business intelligence analysis through topic modeling-based bibliometric study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2025;9:100456 View
  135. Feuer O, Holmes K, Kane S, Curry K, Ma D, Chatwin C, Chuldzhyan M, Quinn E, Gorman N. AI‐scending the scope: Perspectives on the integration and utilization of artificial intelligence and machine learning in genetic counseling graduate programs. Journal of Genetic Counseling 2025;34(4) View
  136. Shin S, Sang J, You J. Use and perception of generative artificial intelligence in traditional Korean medicine education: A cross-sectional survey of undergraduate students in Korea. Integrative Medicine Research 2025;14(4):101216 View
  137. Al Issa H, Maheshwari G. Shaping the future of education: a cluster analysis of generative AI’s transformative impact. Interactive Technology and Smart Education 2025 View
  138. Sehmi A, Sarfraz I, Hussain M. Generative Artificial Intelligence's Integration for Data Analysis in Conducting Academic Research: Understanding the Perspective of Research Supervisors. Journal of Advanced Academics 2025;36(4):788 View
  139. Salvi P, Healy J, Merianos D, Cowles R. Medical Student Preparation for the Operating Room: A Survey of Students’ Use of Digital and Non-peer-reviewed Educational Resources. Journal of Surgical Research 2025;314:340 View
  140. Khakpaki A. Advancements in artificial intelligence transforming medical education: a comprehensive overview. Medical Education Online 2025;30(1) View
  141. Faucher M, Sing E, Harris S, Hutson E, Hoelscher S. Artificial Intelligence and Competency‐Based Education: A Rapid Scoping Review. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2025 View
  142. Bolgova O, Ganguly P, Ikram M, Mavrych V. Evaluating large language models as graders of medical short answer questions: a comparative analysis with expert human graders. Medical Education Online 2025;30(1) View
  143. Majumder M, Haque M. Embracing Artificial Intelligence and Technological Adaptability in Medical Education in the Low-income South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Region and Southeast Asian Countries. Advances in Human Biology 2025;15(4):455 View
  144. Li J, Yin K, Wang Y, Jiang X, Chen D. Effectiveness of generative artificial intelligence-based teaching versus traditional teaching methods in medical education: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  145. Hamidi H. A model for generative artificial intelligence in customer decision-making process using social interaction. Telematics and Informatics Reports 2025;19:100237 View
  146. Bahir D, Hartstein M, Burkat C, Ezra D, Wulc A, Zloto O, Holds J, Hamed Azzam S. Revolutionizing Patient Education: Artificial Intelligence Versus Experts in Ocular Dyskinesia Responses. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 2025 View
  147. Janssen E, McLagan R, Habeck J, Chung S, McArthur E, Anderson P. Barriers to breakthroughs: A scoping review of generative AI in healthcare simulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing 2025;107:101791 View
  148. . Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Proceedings and Recommendations. Academic Medicine 2025;100(9S):S4 View
  149. Elzayyat M, Mohammad J, Zaqout S. Assessing LLM-generated vs. expert-created clinical anatomy MCQs: a student perception-based comparative study in medical education. Medical Education Online 2025;30(1) View
  150. Alonso Sousa S, Bukhari S, Steagall P, Bęczkowski P, Giuliano A, Flay K. Performance of large language models on veterinary undergraduate multiple-choice examinations: a comparative evaluation. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2025;12 View
  151. Feyijimi T, Aliu J, Oke A, Aghimien D. ChatGPT’s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions. Computers 2025;14(9):366 View
  152. Chen S, Chen W, Lai C. Generative AI as a reflective scaffold in a UAV-based STEM project: A mixed-methods study on students’ higher-order thinking and cognitive transformation. Education and Information Technologies 2025 View
  153. Martín-Alguacil N, Avedillo L, Mota-Blanco R, Marañón-Almendros M, Gallego-Agúndez M. ChatGPT as a Virtual Peer: Enhancing Critical Thinking in Flipped Veterinary Anatomy Education. International Medical Education 2025;4(3):34 View
  154. Kuribayashi T, Chinen T, Nagai S, Shigeta K, Fujirai Y, Uda H. Delayed Use of ChatGPT by Japanese Doctors Due to Limited English Language Proficiency: A Survey-Based Study in Japan. Cureus 2025 View
  155. Mudenda S, Mufwambi W, Mwale R, Kathewera B, Lubanga A. Attitudes and usage of ChatGPT among pharmacy students in a Sub-Saharan African country, Zambia: findings and implications on the education system. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  156. Zhou Y, Zhao L, Mi L, Liu S, Yang Y, Wang Q, He H, Long Y. Application and ethical implication of generative artificial intelligence in medical education: a cross-sectional study among critical care academic physicians in China. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  157. Yang X, Chen W. The performance of ChatGPT on medical image-based assessments and implications for medical education. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  158. Lucas S, Heinitz R, Becker S, Charton J. Developing a framework for addressing ethical challenges in generative AI. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 2025:1 View
  159. Zhao Y, Yuan Y, Wen Z, Leng L, Shi L, Hu X, Wei X, Zuo M, Mou J, Luo Q, Chen M, Hu R, Gao H. The current status, knowledge, attitudes, and challenges of generative artificial intelligence use among undergraduate nursing students: a single-center cross-sectional survey of western China. Frontiers in Public Health 2025;13 View
  160. Encarnação R, Alves J, Marques A, Neves-Amado J, Alves P. Artificial intelligence in wound care education: Scoping review. Nurse Education Today 2025;155:106872 View
  161. Villena F, Véliz C, García-Huidobro R, Aguayo S. Generative artificial intelligence in dentistry: A narrative review of current approaches and future challenges. Dentistry Review 2025;5(4):100160 View
  162. Linsenmeyer M, Ridpath L. Technology use and satisfaction among colleges/schools of osteopathic medical education. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 2025 View
  163. Gao C, Gheihman G, Kaplan T, McCoy L, Collins L, Wenzel T, Paul A, Reda H, Stein L, Kimbaris G, Sutherland H, Stacpoole S, Milligan T, Goh R, Bacchi S. Education Research: Creating Online Interactive Case-Based Learning Experiences From Educational Case Reports With Large Language Models. Neurology Education 2025;4(4) View
  164. Cheng A, McGregor C. Applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare simulation: a model of thinking. Advances in Simulation 2025;10(1) View
  165. Lin Y, Luo Z, Ye Z, Zhong N, Zhao L, Zhang L, Li X, Chen Z, Chen Y. Applications, Challenges, and Prospects of Generative Artificial Intelligence Empowering Medical Education: Scoping Review. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e71125 View
  166. Lo Bianco G, Cascella M, Natoli S, D’Angelo F, Sinagra E, Marchesini M, Piraccini E, Tinnirello A, Occhigrossi F, Gregoretti C, Robinson C. Assessing Artificial Intelligence-Powered Responses to Common Patient Questions on Radiofrequency Ablation and Cryoanalgesia for Chronic Pain. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025;14(19):6814 View
  167. Mukhamedkarimova D, Umurkulova M. Factors Contributing to Higher Education Students' Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Educational Research 2025;14(4):1373 View
  168. Shvartz E, Attal L, Zur O, Nujeidat Z, Plopsky G, Bahir D. Bilingual comparison of the performance of GPT-4o and GPT-4 on ophthalmology residency examination questions. Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 2025;48(9):104650 View
  169. Moens M, Nagels G, Wake N, Goudman L. Artificial intelligence as team member versus manual screening to conduct systematic reviews in medical sciences. iScience 2025;28(10):113559 View
  170. Almryad A, Musa H. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Writing: A Higher Education Review. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems 2025;13(3):131 View
  171. Neo N, Gunawan J, Levett-Jones T, Khoo E, Chua W, Liaw S. Generative artificial intelligence in healthcare simulation-based education: A scoping review. Clinical Simulation in Nursing 2025;108:101819 View
  172. Mukunya D, Nantale R, Paungholi K, Epuitai J, Kayemba F, Jemba B, Ajalo E, Afodun A, Musaba M, Munabi I, Kiguli S, Mubuuke A. “I can no longer give take-home exams”: Health professionals educators’ experiences and perceptions regarding the use of artificial intelligence in health professions education in Uganda. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  173. Ding J, Song Y. Descriptive writing using generative AI as a cognitive scaffold in the metaverse environment: university students’ perceptions, learning engagement, and performance. Educational Psychology 2025:1 View
  174. Perdana A, Bharathi S V, Lee W. From automation to augmentation: GenAI’s role in promoting students’ cognitive and ethical development. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2026;59:102035 View
  175. Kaplan R, Meylani R. Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence Literacy: A Qualitative Synthesis of Contemporary Research Literature. Journal of Computer and Education Research 2025;13(26):790 View
  176. Flores-Martin D, Díaz-Barrancas F, Pardo P, Berrocal J, Murillo J. ECGTwinMentor: A digital twin-based system for personalized ECG learning and support. SoftwareX 2025;32:102398 View
  177. Lymar L, Kuchyn I, Bielka K, Puljak L. Academic misconduct and artificial intelligence use by medical students, interns and PhD students in Ukraine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  178. Hamidi C, Badiy M, Gaou S, Amounas F, Azrour M, Tribak H, Alnajim A, Alabdulatif A. Enhancing Automated Exam Creation with Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Scalable Educational Assessment. Journal of Advances in Information Technology 2025;16(10):1430 View
  179. Jacobs C, Johnson H, Tan N, Brownlie K, Joiner R, Thompson T. Application of AI Communication Training Tools in Medical Undergraduate Education: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study Within a Primary Care Context. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e70766 View
  180. Liscano Y, Caicedo N, Oñate-Garzón J. Unlocking New Bioactive Peptides from Coffee Pulp: A Metagenomics and AI-Driven Discovery Paradigm. Foods 2025;14(21):3682 View
  181. Liu X, Zhong B. Integrating generative Artificial Intelligence into student learning: A systematic review from a TPACK perspective. Educational Research Review 2025;49:100741 View
  182. Kang J, Ahn J. Technologies, opportunities, challenges, and future directions for integrating generative artificial intelligence into medical education: a narrative review. Ewha Medical Journal 2025;48(4):e53 View
  183. Chan S, Young H, Parekh R. Medical students' and faculty members' perceptions and experiences of AI integration in health care practice and in medical curricula: A meta‐ethnographic review. Medical Education 2025 View
  184. Simou E. The Growing Importance of Soft Skills in Medical Education in the AI Era: Balancing Humanistic Care and Artificial Intelligence. International Medical Education 2025;4(4):50 View
  185. Ziapour A. Policy Brief: AI Readiness in Medical Education: Assessing Current Gaps and Future Outlook. F1000Research 2025;14:1233 View
  186. Khamis N, Ungaretti T. From Curiosity To Competence: A Structured Faculty Development Model for AI Integration in Health Professions Education. Medical Science Educator 2025 View
  187. Brzeziński J, Watros K, Mańczak M, Owoc J, Jeziorski K, Olszewski R. Readability and source transparency of AI-generated health information on human metapneumovirus: A comparative evaluation of five chatbots. Journal of Public Health 2025 View
  188. Mai H, Lee D, Kaenploy J, Kim J, Cho S. Performance of Multimodal Generative AI Models in Addressing Complex Dental Inquiries With Text, Images, and Analytical Data. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 2025 View
  189. Lee H, Kim J, Choi H, Bae H, Jeong A, Choi S, Kim J, Kim C. Comparing AI chatbot simulation and peer role-play for OSCE preparation: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Education 2025 View
  190. Rezaei-Zadeh M, Cerbin-Koczorowska M. A research roadmap for AI opportunities in student assessment for medical education. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  191. Yokose M, Hirosawa T, Sakamoto T, Kawamura R, Suzuki Y, Harada Y, Shimizu T. The Validity of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Evaluating Medical Students in Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Experimental Study. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e79465 View
  192. ZINTCHEM R, NGONO ZINTCHEM M, NGAE D, TEMBE-FOKUNANG E, NTUNGWEN FOKUNANG C. Intelligence artificielle générative et apprentissage du raisonnement clinique infirmier : revue de portée, proposition d’une approche « socioconnectriste ». Recherche et Avancées en Sciences Infirmières 2025;(2) View
  193. Fuchs S, Schnellbach J, Wittges H, Krcmar H. Human vs. Automated data annotation: Labeling the data set for an ML-driven support ticket classifier. Data & Knowledge Engineering 2026;162:102534 View
  194. He Q, Yang Z. Generative AI-driven knowledge management in manufacturing firms: a five-stage framework for dynamic knowledge optimization and digital innovation. Journal of Knowledge Management 2025:1 View
  195. Bartkowski J, Zerdka J, Brasse P, Piszka M, Kwapien E, Staszkiewicz K, Kubicka M, Staszkiewicz K, Czarnecki F. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine With Emphasis on Orthopedic Practice. Cureus 2025 View
  196. Hough J, Culley N, Erganian C, Alahdab F. Potential risks of GenAI on medical education. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2025;30(6):406 View
  197. Jeon Y, Youn M, Kang S, Park J, Kim E, Kim J, Kim J. Hierarchical RAG enhances a pharmacogenomic AI assistant in guideline related queries. Computers in Biology and Medicine 2026;200:111323 View
  198. Maphalala M. Artificial intelligence as a catalyst for self-directed learning in an open and distance e learning (ODeL) university in South Africa. South African Journal of Education 2025;45(Supplement 1):S1 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Gökoğlu S. Transforming Education With Generative AI. View
  2. Chaudhry M, Goswami N. Integrating Generative AI in Education to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals. View
  3. Chen M, Hsu T, Hsu T. Innovative Technologies and Learning. View
  4. Kumari R, Singh R. Examining the Metaverse in Healthcare. View
  5. Yadav S. Cutting-Edge Technologies for Business Sectors. View
  6. Li B, Weng Y, Song Q, Liang L, Min X, Zhou S. Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing. View
  7. Jiang N, Hasanzadeh S, Duffy V. HCI International 2024 – Late Breaking Papers. View
  8. Türker P, Öztürk M. Next-Generation AI Methodologies in Education. View
  9. Bapat O, Prakash C, Paliwal M. Human Resource Management in the Age of Generative AI. View
  10. Khan S. Fundamentals of AI for Medical Education, Research and Practice. View
  11. Garcia M, Rosak-Szyrocka J, Yılmaz R, Metwally A, Acut D, Ofosu-Ampong K, Erdoğdu F, Fung C, Bozkurt A. Pitfalls of AI Integration in Education. View
  12. Hoti F, Mouloudj K, Kabashi D, Terziqi H, Ukëhaxhaj A. Teaching in the Age of Medical Technology. View
  13. Garcia M, de Almeida R, Acut D, de Almeida R, Garcia P, Stefani E. Teaching in the Age of Medical Technology. View
  14. Rohanadeera S, Hewagamage K. Ubi-Media Computing, Pervasive Systems, Algorithms and Networks. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Ustymenko S, Phadke A. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Southeast Conference on ZZZ. Promise and Challenges of Generative AI in Healthcare Information Systems View
  2. Wang X, Chen Z. Proceedings of the 2024 International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Education. Necessity of artificial intelligence in medical education and teaching View
  3. Miranda J, Bansil J, Fernando E, Gamboa A, Hernandez H, Cruz M, Dianelo R, Gonzales D, Penecilla E. 2024 2nd International Conference on Technology Innovation and Its Applications (ICTIIA). Prevalence, Devices Used, Reasons for Use, Trust, Barriers, and Challenges in Utilizing Generative AI among Tertiary Students View
  4. Zhang H, Xie J, Wu C, Cai J, Kim C, Carroll J. The 25th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education. The Future of Learning: Large Language Models through the Lens of Students View
  5. Garima S, Swapnil M, Shashank S. 2024 ITU Kaleidoscope: Innovation and Digital Transformation for a Sustainable World (ITU K). Harnessing the Power of Language Models for Intelligent Digital Health Services View
  6. Bonde L. 2024 IEEE SmartBlock4Africa. A Generative Artificial Intelligence Based Tutor for Personalized Learning View
  7. Manoj R, G N. 2024 IEEE 12th Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). A Comprehensive Investigation on Leveraging Generative AI and Large Language Models in the Healthcare Domain View
  8. Shi Y, Huang W, Sang Y. 2024 4th International Conference on Educational Technology (ICET). A Narrative Review of Utilizing Generative Artificial Intelligence in Classroom Instructions View
  9. Zhang D, Zhao X, Zhou G. 2024 14th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME). Application of Generative AI in the Teaching of Human Resource Management Course for Medical and Health Management Majors View
  10. Wang A, Ruparel R, Iurchenko A, Jhun P, Séguin J, Strachan P, Wong R, Karthikesalingam A, Matias Y, Hassidim A, Webster D, Semturs C, Krause J, Schaekermann M. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Generative AI for medical education: Insights from a case study with medical students and an AI tutor for clinical reasoning View
  11. Wang K, Wu Z, Tufts L, Wieman C, Salehi S, Haber N. 2025 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). Scaffold or Crutch? Examining College Students' Use and Views of Generative AI Tools for STEM Education View
  12. Ponnupillai A, Earnest B, Madhavan P, Phyu K, Sear L, Ponnupillai A, Thein W. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COGNITIVE COMPUTING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ICCCAI - 2024). Bridging the gap between AI and medical education: Current implications and future perspectives View
  13. Alshamy A, Al-Harthi A, Abdullah S. 2025 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking (SmartNets). Challenges of Using Generative AI Tools in Omani Higher Education Institutions :Perceptions of Students and Academics View
  14. Ordoumpozanis K, Konstantakis M, Zoi S, Caridakis G. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of the ACM Greek SIGCHI Chapter. Generative AI: A Systematic Review of Related Interfaces and Interactions View