This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Theme Issue: ChatGPT and Generative Language Models in Medical Education (98) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Education (120) Viewpoint and Opinions on Innovation in Medical Education (69) Artificial Intelligence (1679) Chatbots and Conversational Agents (617) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (469)

Published on in Vol 9 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/48291, first published .
Large Language Models in Medical Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Large Language Models in Medical Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Large Language Models in Medical Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Authors of this article:

Alaa Abd-alrazaq1 Author Orcid Image ;   Rawan AlSaad1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Dari Alhuwail3 Author Orcid Image ;   Arfan Ahmed1 Author Orcid Image ;   Padraig Mark Healy4 Author Orcid Image ;   Syed Latifi4 Author Orcid Image ;   Sarah Aziz1 Author Orcid Image ;   Rafat Damseh5 Author Orcid Image ;   Sadam Alabed Alrazak6 Author Orcid Image ;   Javaid Sheikh1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (226) Tweetations (6) Metrics

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  125. Popov V, Mateju N, Jeske C, Lewis K. Metaverse-based simulation: a scoping review of charting medical education over the last two decades in the lens of the ‘marvelous medical education machine’. Annals of Medicine 2024;56(1) View
  126. Deb Roy A, Bharat Jaiswal I, Nath Tiu D, Das D, Mondal S, Behera J, Mondal H. Assessing the Utilization of Large Language Model Chatbots for Educational Purposes by Medical Teachers: A Nationwide Survey From India. Cureus 2024 View
  127. Abdul Sami M, Abdul Samad M, Parekh K, Suthar P. ChatGPT-4 Turbo and Meta’s LLaMA 3.1: A Relative Analysis of Answering Radiology Text-Based Questions. Cureus 2024 View
  128. Dong B, Zhang L, Yuan J, Chen Y, Li Q, Shen L. Large language models: game-changers in the healthcare industry. Science Bulletin 2025;70(3):283 View
  129. Ballard D, Antigua-Made A, Barre E, Edney E, Gordon E, Kelahan L, Lodhi T, Martin J, Ozkan M, Serdynski K, Spieler B, Zhu D, Adams S. Impact of ChatGPT and Large Language Models on Radiology Education: Association of Academic Radiology—Radiology Research Alliance Task Force White Paper. Academic Radiology 2025;32(5):3039 View
  130. Lee J, Park S, Shin J, Cho B. Analyzing evaluation methods for large language models in the medical field: a scoping review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2024;24(1) View
  131. Liu Z, Bao Y, Zeng S, Qian R, Deng M, Gu A, Li J, Wang W, Cai W, Li W, Wang H, Xu D, Lin G. Large Language Models in Psychiatry: Current Applications, Limitations, and Future Scope. Big Data Mining and Analytics 2024;7(4):1148 View
  132. Kaewboonlert N, Poontananggul J, Pongsuwan N, Bhakdisongkhram G. Factors Associated With the Accuracy of Large Language Models in Basic Medical Science Examinations: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Medical Education 2025;11:e58898 View
  133. Jin H, Kim E. Performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on the Korean Pharmacist Licensing Examination: Comparison Study. JMIR Medical Education 2024;10:e57451 View
  134. Thesen T, Alilonu N, Stone S. AI Patient Actor: An Open-Access Generative-AI App for Communication Training in Health Professions. Medical Science Educator 2024;35(1):25 View
  135. Zong H, Wu R, Cha J, Wang J, Wu E, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Feng W, Shen B. Large Language Models in Worldwide Medical Exams: Platform Development and Comprehensive Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e66114 View
  136. Maitin A, Nogales A, Fernández-Rincón S, Aranguren E, Cervera-Barba E, Denizon-Arranz S, Mateos-Rodríguez A, García-Tejedor Á. Application of large language models in clinical record correction: a comprehensive study on various retraining methods. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2025;32(2):341 View
  137. Schaab B, Calvetti P, Hoffmann S, Diaz G, Rech M, Cazella S, Stein A, Barros H, Silva P, Reppold C. How do machine learning models perform in the detection of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students? A systematic review. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2024;40(11) View
  138. Shaikh T, Rasool T, Veningston K, Yaseen S. The role of large language models in agriculture: harvesting the future with LLM intelligence. Progress in Artificial Intelligence 2024 View
  139. Chen Y, Qi H, Qiu Y, Li J, Zhu L, Gao X, Wang H, Jiang G. Artificial intelligence in medical problem-based learning: opportunities and challenges. Global Medical Education 2024 View
  140. Gupta N, Khatri K, Malik Y, Lakhani A, Kanwal A, Aggarwal S, Dahuja A. Exploring prospects, hurdles, and road ahead for generative artificial intelligence in orthopedic education and training. BMC Medical Education 2024;24(1) View
  141. Brown J, Lenchik L, Doja F, Kaviani P, Judd D, Probyn L, Lee S, Goodman E, Sedeh A, Makary M, Lee R, Retrouvey M. Leveraging Large Language Models in Radiology Research: A Comprehensive User Guide. Academic Radiology 2025;32(5):3082 View
  142. Chu L, Kurup V. The Promise of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Geriatric Anesthesiology Education: An Idea Whose Time Has Come. Current Anesthesiology Reports 2025;15(1) View
  143. Zhang K, Meng X, Yan X, Ji J, Liu J, Xu H, Zhang H, Liu D, Wang J, Wang X, Gao J, Wang Y, Shao C, Wang W, Li J, Zheng M, Yang Y, Tang Y. Revolutionizing Health Care: The Transformative Impact of Large Language Models in Medicine. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e59069 View
  144. Fawaz M, El‐Malti W, Alreshidi S, Kavuran E. Exploring Health Sciences Students' Perspectives on Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Qualitative Study. Nursing & Health Sciences 2025;27(1) View
  145. Furey P. Generative artificial intelligence part 1: exploring ethical considerations. Journal of Paramedic Practice 2025;17(1):1 View
  146. Bhuyan S, Sateesh V, Mukul N, Galvankar A, Mahmood A, Nauman M, Rai A, Bordoloi K, Basu U, Samuel J. Generative Artificial Intelligence Use in Healthcare: Opportunities for Clinical Excellence and Administrative Efficiency. Journal of Medical Systems 2025;49(1) View
  147. Kondo T, Okamoto M, Kondo Y. Pilot Study on Using Large Language Models for Educational Resource Development in Japanese Radiological Technologist Exams. Medical Science Educator 2025 View
  148. Sami A, Tanveer F, Sajwani K, Kiran N, Javed M, Ozsahin D, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Medical students’ attitudes toward AI in education: perception, effectiveness, and its credibility. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  149. Kim J, Vajravelu B. Assessing the Current Limitations of Large Language Models in Advancing Health Care Education. JMIR Formative Research 2025;9:e51319 View
  150. Buckley P, Wang Y, Gopalan P. Artificial Intelligence Scribes in Psychiatry. Focus 2025;23(1):44 View
  151. Mondal H. Ethical engagement with artificial intelligence in medical education. Advances in Physiology Education 2025;49(1):163 View
  152. Feng R, Brennan K, Azizi Z, Goyal J, Deb B, Chang H, Ganesan P, Clopton P, Pedron M, Ruipérez-Campillo S, Desai Y, De Larochellière H, Baykaner T, Perez M, Rodrigo M, Rogers A, Narayan S. Engineering of Generative Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing Models to Accurately Identify Arrhythmia Recurrence. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 2025;18(1) View
  153. Ahn J, Kim B. Application of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Dyslipidemia Care. Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis 2025;14(1):77 View
  154. Albalawi F, Khanagar S, Iyer K, Alhazmi N, Alayyash A, Alhazmi A, Awawdeh M, Singh O. Evaluating the Performance of Artificial Intelligence-Based Large Language Models in Orthodontics—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Applied Sciences 2025;15(2):893 View
  155. Tassoker M. ChatGPT-4 Omni’s superiority in answering multiple-choice oral radiology questions. BMC Oral Health 2025;25(1) View
  156. Feigerlova E, Hani H, Hothersall-Davies E. A systematic review of the impact of artificial intelligence on educational outcomes in health professions education. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  157. Lane R. Mitigating risks, embracing potential: a framework for integrating generative artificial intelligence in geographical and environmental education. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 2025:1 View
  158. Yang C, Chen Y, Qian C, Shi F, Guo Y. The data-intensive research paradigm: challenges and responses in clinical professional graduate education. Frontiers in Medicine 2025;12 View
  159. Cera R. Intelligenza generativa artificiale in medical education: ragionamento clinico artificiale vs ragionamento clinico umano. EDUCATION SCIENCES AND SOCIETY 2025;(2):239 View
  160. Bereuter J, Geissler M, Klimova A, Steiner R, Pfeiffer K, Kolbinger F, Wiest I, Muti H, Kather J. Benchmarking Vision Capabilities of Large Language Models in Surgical Examination Questions. Journal of Surgical Education 2025;82(4):103442 View
  161. Gençer Bingöl F, Ağagündüz D, Bingol M. Accuracy of Current Large Language Models and the Retrieval-Augmented Generation Model in Determining Dietary Principles in Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2025 View
  162. Wang C, Xiao C, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Chen X, Li Y, Qi H. Exploring medical students’ intention to use of ChatGPT from a programming course: a grounded theory study in China. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  163. Ji K, Wu Z, Han J, Zhai G, Liu J. Evaluating ChatGPT-4's performance on oral and maxillofacial queries: Chain of Thought and standard method. Frontiers in Oral Health 2025;6 View
  164. Theros J, Soetikno A, Liebovitz D. Foundations of AI for future physicians: A practical, accessible curriculum. Medical Teacher 2025:1 View
  165. Chow J, Li K. Developing Effective Frameworks for Large Language Model–Based Medical Chatbots: Insights From Radiotherapy Education With ChatGPT. JMIR Cancer 2025;11:e66633 View
  166. Sawamura S, Kohiyama K, Takenaka T, Sera T, Inoue T, Nagai T. Potential of Large Language Models in Generating Multiple-Choice Questions for the Japanese National Licensure Examination for Physical Therapists. Cureus 2025 View
  167. Omar M, Sorin V, Agbareia R, Apakama D, Soroush A, Sakhuja A, Freeman R, Horowitz C, Richardson L, Nadkarni G, Klang E. Evaluating and addressing demographic disparities in medical large language models: a systematic review. International Journal for Equity in Health 2025;24(1) View
  168. Kim Y. Digital Innovation in Medical Education: The Process and Challenges of Digital Transformation. Korean Medical Education Review 2025;27(1):6 View
  169. Khamis N, Chen B, Egan C, Gaglani S, Tackett S. More intelligent faculty development: Integrating GenAI in curriculum development programs. Medical Teacher 2025:1 View
  170. Fan G, Liu D, Zhang R, Pan L. The impact of AI-assisted pair programming on student motivation, programming anxiety, collaborative learning, and programming performance: a comparative study with traditional pair programming and individual approaches. International Journal of STEM Education 2025;12(1) View
  171. Pérez Gamboa A. Interdisciplinary collaboration in medical education: intersections between educational psychology and health sciences. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education 2023;2:210 View
  172. Lo Bianco G, Robinson C, D’Angelo F, Cascella M, Natoli S, Sinagra E, Mercadante S, Drago F. Effectiveness of Generative Artificial Intelligence-Driven Responses to Patient Concerns in Long-Term Opioid Therapy: Cross-Model Assessment. Biomedicines 2025;13(3):636 View
  173. Pastrak M, Kajitani S, Goodings A, Drewek A, LaFree A, Murphy A. Evaluation of ChatGPT Performance on Emergency Medicine Board Examination Questions: Observational Study. JMIR AI 2025;4:e67696 View
  174. Aster A, Lotz A, Raupach T. Theoretical background of the game design element “chatbot” in serious games for medical education. Advances in Simulation 2025;10(1) View
  175. Sriram A, Ramachandran K, Krishnamoorthy S. Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Transforming Learning and Practice. Cureus 2025 View
  176. Xu Q, Wu Y, Zheng H, Yan H, Wu H, Qian Y, Wu Y, Liu B. Standardization in artificial general intelligence model for education. Computer Standards & Interfaces 2025;94:104006 View
  177. Mondal H. Evolving resource use for self-directed learning in physiology among first-year medical students in a classroom setting. Advances in Physiology Education 2025;49(2):394 View
  178. Arain S, Akhund S, Barakzai M, Meo S. Transforming medical education: leveraging large language models to enhance PBL—a proof-of-concept study. Advances in Physiology Education 2025;49(2):398 View
  179. Hoelscher S. The good, the bad, and the binary. Nursing 2025;55(4):26 View
  180. Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Jinzhi C, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Effectiveness of various general large language models in clinical consensus and case analysis in dental implantology: a comparative study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2025;25(1) View
  181. Janumpally R. The Role of Natural Language Processing in Graduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2025 View
  182. Mavrych V, Yaqinuddin A, Bolgova O. Claude, ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini performance versus students in different topics of neuroscience. Advances in Physiology Education 2025;49(2):430 View
  183. Mastrokostas P, Lavi A, Zhang B, Mastrokostas L, Liu S, Connors K, Hashem J. GPT-4 as a Source of Patient Information for Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Comparative Analysis Against Google Web Search. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2025 View
  184. Huang R, Wu H, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Qian H, Zhang C, Wei X, Lu S, Zhang X, Kan J, Wan C, Liu Y. Evaluation and Bias Analysis of Large Language Models in Generating Synthetic Electronic Health Records: A Comparative Study (Preprint). Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024 View
  185. Liu F, Zhou H, Gu B, Zou X, Huang J, Wu J, Li Y, Chen S, Hua Y, Zhou P, Liu J, Mao C, You C, Wu X, Zheng Y, Clifton L, Li Z, Luo J, Clifton D. Application of large language models in medicine. Nature Reviews Bioengineering 2025 View
  186. Shah M, Shahzadi S, Khan S. Postgraduate Students Perception of Using Chatgpt in Clinical Management and Research: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science 2025;12(2):19 View
  187. Patil N, Kou N, Baptista‐Hon D, Monteiro O. Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: A Practical Guide for Educators. MedComm – Future Medicine 2025;4(2) View
  188. Yang B, Zhou F, Bai N, Zhou S, Luo C, Wang Q, Wong A, Lin F. Digital and Intelligence Education in Medicine: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis Using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Frontiers of Digital Education 2025;2(1) View
  189. Yang W, Some L, Bain M, Kang B. A comprehensive survey on integrating large language models with knowledge-based methods. Knowledge-Based Systems 2025;318:113503 View
  190. Lim B, Seth I, Maxwell M, Cuomo R, Ross R, Rozen W. Evaluating the Efficacy of Large Language Models in Generating Medical Documentation: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-4o, and Claude. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2025 View
  191. Tortella F, Palese A, Turolla A, Castellini G, Pillastrini P, Landuzzi M, Cook C, Galeoto G, Giovannico G, Rodeghiero L, Gianola S, Rossettini G. Knowledge and use, perceptions of benefits and limitations of artificial intelligence chatbots among Italian physiotherapy students: a cross-sectional national study. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  192. Furey P. Generative artificial intelligence 4: training companion. Journal of Paramedic Practice 2025;17(4):1 View
  193. Schaye V, DiTullio D, Sartori D, Hauck K, Haller M, Reinstein I, Guzman B, Burk-Rafel J. Artificial intelligence based assessment of clinical reasoning documentation: an observational study of the impact of the clinical learning environment on resident documentation quality. BMC Medical Education 2025;25(1) View
  194. Kejingyun S, Mingjun R. Randomized Controlled Study on the Impact of Problem-Based Learning Combined With Large Language Models on Critical Thinking Skills in Nursing Students. Nurse Educator 2025 View
  195. Bauer E, Greiff S, Graesser A, Scheiter K, Sailer M. Looking Beyond the Hype: Understanding the Effects of AI on Learning. Educational Psychology Review 2025;37(2) View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Gökoğlu S. Transforming Education With Generative AI. View
  2. Matheis P, John J. Academic Integrity in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. View
  3. Haidar A. Preparing Students for the Future Educational Paradigm. View
  4. Patrício M, Gonçalves B. Information Technology and Systems. View
  5. Jiang N, Duffy V. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. View
  6. Zhang F, Yang K, Zhao C, Li H, Dong X, Tian H, Zhou X. Bioinformatics Research and Applications. View
  7. Chakraborty S, Misra B, Dey N. AI-Empowered Knowledge Management in Education. View
  8. Varghese N, Ramasamy G. Intersection of AI and Business Intelligence in Data-Driven Decision-Making. View
  9. Li M, Wang X. Artificial Intelligence for Future Society. View
  10. A. Gould J, P. Stawicki S, Yimeng Lee R, Ng-Pellegrino A. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Surgery - An Exploration of Current Trends, Potential Opportunities, and Evolving Threats - Volume 2. View
  11. Musunuri R, Bhatt A. Improving Healthcare Quality and Patient Engagement. View
  12. Mansour N, Msheik El-Khoury F, Zaatari G, Harb M. Higher Education in the Arab World. View
  13. Canelas-Pais M, Coutinho Almeida J, Magalhães Araujo S, Maia Rafael F, Cruz-Correia R, Pereira Rodrigues P. Artificial Intelligence for Drug Product Lifecycle Applications. View
  14. James L, Genga L, Montagne B, Hagenaars M, Van Gorp P. Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2024. View
  15. Nawaz F, Opriessnig E, Usman F, Agrohi J, Arshad Z, Kashyap R, Anwar S. Precision Health in the Digital Age. View
  16. . Digital Escape Room Designs in Education. View
  17. Guo F, Duan J, Peng X, Liang C. Computer Science and Educational Informatization. View
  18. Liu J, Liu C. Health Information Processing. Evaluation Track Papers. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Feng T, Denny P, Wuensche B, Luxton-Reilly A, Hooper S. Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Computing Education Conference. More Than Meets the AI: Evaluating the performance of GPT-4 on Computer Graphics assessment questions View
  2. Borg A, Parodis I, Skantze G. Companion of the 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. Creating Virtual Patients using Robots and Large Language Models: A Preliminary Study with Medical Students View
  3. Bhattacharjee A, Zeng Y, Xu S, Kulzhabayeva D, Ma M, Kornfield R, Ahmed S, Mariakakis A, Czerwinski M, Kuzminykh A, Liut M, Williams J. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Understanding the Role of Large Language Models in Personalizing and Scaffolding Strategies to Combat Academic Procrastination View
  4. Faccia A, Ridon M, Beebeejaun Z, Mosteanu N. 2023 8th International Conference on Information Systems Engineering. Advancements and Challenges of Generative AI in Higher Educational Content Creation A Technical Perspective View
  5. Dong B, Bai J, Xu T, Zhou Y. 2024 6th International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE). Large Language Models in Education: A Systematic Review View
  6. Feng T, Denny P, Wünsche B, Luxton-Reilly A, Whalley J. SIGGRAPH Asia 2024 Educator's Forum. An Eye for an AI: Evaluating GPT-4o's Visual Perception Skills and Geometric Reasoning Skills Using Computer Graphics Questions View
  7. Llerena-Izquierdo J, Fiallos-Vargas I, Portugal-Gorozabel J, Veloz-Arce A. 2024 IEEE URUCON. Towards an experience in AI-driven development for programming applied to multimedia using Tabnine View
  8. Ramasamy V, Ramamoorthy S, Walia G, Kulpinski E, Antreassian A. 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). Enhancing User Story Generation in Agile Software Development Through Open AI and Prompt Engineering View
  9. Ogdu C, Gurbuz S, Karakose M, Hanoglu E. 2025 29th International Conference on Information Technology (IT). Medical Implications of LLM Based Clinical Decision Support Systems in Healthcare View
  10. Baskara F. THE 8TH PROGRESSIVE AND FUN EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023. ChatGPT-4: A fresh lens on holistic education’s reimagination View
  11. Weerathunge T, Jayalal S, Wijayasiriwardhane K. 2025 5th International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing (ICARC). Optimizing Response Consistency of Large Language Models in Medical Education through Prompt Engineering View
  12. Wang A, Ruparel R, Iurchenko A, Jhun P, Séguin J, Strachan P, Wong R, Karthikesalingam A, Matias Y, Hassidim A, Webster D, Semturs C, Krause J, Schaekermann M. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Generative AI for medical education: Insights from a case study with medical students and an AI tutor for clinical reasoning View
  13. Kang W, Zhang L, Peng X, Zhang H, Li A, Wang M, Huang J, Tian F, Dai G. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. TutorCraftEase: Enhancing Pedagogical Question Creation with Large Language Models View