The Potential of Artificial Intelligence Tools for Reducing Uncertainty in Medicine and Directions for Medical Education

Sauliha Rabia Alli   ¹ , BSc, MD ;   Soaad Qahhār Hossain   ^{2, 3} , BSc ;   Sunit Das   ^{4, 5} , MD, PhD ;   Ross Upshur   ⁶ , BA, MSc, MA, MD

¹ Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

² Department of Computer Science, Temerty Centre for AI Research and Education in Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ Intermedia.net Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, United States

⁴ Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁵ Keenan Chair in Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁶ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada