The Accuracy and Potential Racial and Ethnic Biases of GPT-4 in the Diagnosis and Triage of Health Conditions: Evaluation Study

Naoki Ito   ^{1, 2 *} ;   Sakina Kadomatsu   ^{1, 3 *} ;   Mineto Fujisawa   ^{1, 2} ;   Kiyomitsu Fukaguchi   ^{1, 4} , MD ;   Ryo Ishizawa   ^{1, 5} , MD ;   Naoki Kanda   ^{1, 6} , MD ;   Daisuke Kasugai   ^{1, 7} , MD ;   Mikio Nakajima   ^{1, 8} , MD, PhD ;   Tadahiro Goto   ^{1 *} , MD, MPH, PhD ;   Yusuke Tsugawa   ^{9, 10 *} , MD, MPH, PhD

¹ TXP Medical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan

² Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

³ Faculty of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan

⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan

⁵ Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical Center National Hospital Organization, Tokyo, Japan

⁶ Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan

⁷ Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan

⁸ Emergency Life-Saving Technique Academy of Tokyo Foundation for Ambulance Service Development, Tokyo, Japan

⁹ Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

¹⁰ Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States

*these authors contributed equally