The Evolution of Medical Student Competencies and Attitudes in Digital Health Between 2016 and 2022: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Paula Veikkolainen   ¹ , MD, MSc ;   Timo Tuovinen   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Petri Kulmala   ^{2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Erika Jarva   ⁴ , MSc, PhD ;   Jonna Juntunen   ⁴ , MSc ;   Anna-Maria Tuomikoski   ⁵ , MSc, PhD ;   Merja Männistö   ⁶ , MSc, PhD ;   Teemu Pihlajasalo   ⁷ , MD ;   Jarmo Reponen   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD

¹ FinnTelemedicum, Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

² Medical Research Center, the Wellbeing Services County of North Ostrobothnia and the University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

³ Education Development and Service Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

⁴ Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

⁵ Oulu University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of North Ostrobothnia, Oulu, Finland

⁶ School of Health and Social Studies, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland

⁷ Mehiläinen Vaasa, Mehiläinen Health Services, Vaasa, Finland