A Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT)–Powered Chatbot as a Simulated Patient to Practice History Taking: Prospective, Mixed Methods Study

Friederike Holderried   ¹ , MME, Dr med ;   Christian Stegemann–Philipps   ¹ , Dr rer nat ;   Lea Herschbach   ¹ , MSc ;   Julia-Astrid Moldt   ¹ , MA ;   Andrew Nevins   ² , Prof Dr ;   Jan Griewatz   ¹ , MA ;   Martin Holderried   ³ , Dr med, Prof Dr ;   Anne Herrmann-Werner   ¹ , MME, Prof Dr Med ;   Teresa Festl-Wietek   ¹ , Dr rer nat ;   Moritz Mahling   ^{1, 4} , Dr med, MHBA

¹ Tübingen Institute for Medical Education, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany

² Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States

³ Department of Medical Development, Process and Quality Management, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

⁴ Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany