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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medical Education (251) e-Learning and Digital Medical Education (997) Information Retrieval (367) Artificial Intelligence (2460)

Published on in Vol 12 (2026)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/82885, first published .
Man using a laptop displaying a flowchart for AI text analysis, including TF-IDF vectorization.

ChatGPT versus UpToDate in Preclinical Medical Education: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency Cosine Similarity

ChatGPT versus UpToDate in Preclinical Medical Education: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency Cosine Similarity

Authors of this article:

Shankar S Thiru1 Author Orcid Image ;   Nicholas E Aksu2 Author Orcid Image ;   Matthew Chiang3 Author Orcid Image ;   Daniel O Gallagher4 Author Orcid Image ;   Mary Furlong5 Author Orcid Image ;   Elizabeth R Prevou6 Author Orcid Image ;   Akhil Jay Khanna2 Author Orcid Image
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