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Skip search results from other journals and go to results- 12 Journal of Medical Internet Research
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Fundamental emotions, such as happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, and fear, can be detected, along with more nuanced emotions such as confusion and trust [33,34]. Among these emotions, fear is an important factor in health communication, as it can influence public perception, engagement, and behavioral responses [35].
Various theoretical models, such as the extended parallel process model [36], have explored how fear is used in public health messaging to encourage protective behaviors.
JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e70576
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Specifically, we searched for all synonyms and related terms for fear using a thesaurus of synonyms and related words. From these, we examined which terms yielded a significant number of relevant results in academic literature. On the basis of this analysis, we selected 5 key terms—fear, resistance, skepticism, reluctance, and anxiety—to represent the range of negative attitudes toward medical AI.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e66986
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Reference 3: Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information Reference 15: Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged Reference 22: Effectiveness of virtual reality intervention on reducing the pain, anxiety and fear of Reference 26: Effects of gaming on pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression in Reference 31: Virtual reality in chemotherapy support for the treatment of physical functions, fear,fear
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e58086
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For example, a sentence classified with a score of 0.70 means that the likelihood that this sentence belongs to fear is 70%. From now on, we refer to the confidence score as the fear level. The fear level was determined using the 2 transformer models to determine consistency. For both models, we calculated the study independent variable, website level of fear.
We calculated the level of fear as follows:
Each website’s text content was analyzed at the sentence level.
J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e55151
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Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a mental disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and embarrassment in social situations and fear of being negatively evaluated [1]. The lifetime prevalence of SAD is 4% [2], with a prevalence of 2.1% in adolescents and young adults [3]. Anxiety disorders, including SAD, are the most common psychiatric disorders [4], and mild (subthreshold) forms are common and cause significant disability [5].
JMIR Pediatr Parent 2024;7:e55786
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The most common symptoms of panic disorder include palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, numbness of the hands and feet, and cardiorespiratory-type symptoms, in addition to fear of dying, sweating, tremors, dizziness, nausea, and chills [3]. The US Food and Drug Administration has currently only approved selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of panic disorder [4].
J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e51428
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Phobic disorders are classified under the umbrella of anxiety and fear-related disorders and are characterized by excessive and abnormal fear or anxiety toward specific things or situations [1]. Fear is a psychological response to current stimuli, while anxiety is more concerned with future perceived anticipated stimuli or threats [1,2]. In the United States, adults’ lifetime prevalence of specific phobias is estimated to range between 7.7% and 12.5% [3].
JMIR Ment Health 2023;10:e51318
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Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is a condition that affects approximately 13.3% to 29.3% of children and adolescents and is a significant cause of patients avoiding dental care [1,2]. In children, DFA is also associated with a lower oral health–related quality of life [3]. Although the etiology of DFA is multifactorial, often stemming from both exogenous and endogenous sources, a previous traumatic dental experience is the most predictive factor for DFA [4,5].
JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e49956
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This anxiety may be transferred to the child, amplifying their feelings of pain and fear [3,7,8]. Parental anxiety and stress are caused by uncertainty, lack of control in a new situation [9], and various fears about pediatric surgery [5,6]. Parents’ lack of knowledge can lead them to experience guilt, ignorance, and separation anxiety and feel out of control [9]. Research has also shown that 65% to 80% of children experience anxiety or fear [25] before surgery [10,26,27].
J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e46989
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More specifically, the objectives are (1) to estimate the prevalence of fear of reprisal among clinical professionals and managers, overall and by profession and practice setting; (2) to identify the factors involved in (a) the emergence of this fear among clinical professionals and managers, and (b) the determination of wrongdoing by senior administrators and managers; (3) to describe the process of emergence of (a) the fear of reprisal among clinical professionals and managers, and (b) the determination of
JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e48400
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