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Safety and Efficacy of Digital Check-in and Triage Kiosks in Emergency Departments: Systematic Review

Safety and Efficacy of Digital Check-in and Triage Kiosks in Emergency Departments: Systematic Review

However, misclassification remains a significant concern, prompting questions about whether the time-saving benefits of digital triage extend to improvements in patient outcomes and safety. Studies have reported instances of under-triage and over-triage with digital triage systems [21]. Under-triage is perhaps the more safety-critical concern, potentially delaying care for individuals with urgent clinical problems.

Elena Lammila-Escalera, Geva Greenfield, Reham Aldakhil, Hei Ming Mak, Himani Sehgal, Ana Luisa Neves, Mark J Harmon, Azeem Majeed, Benedict Hayhoe

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e69528

Pragmatic Risk Stratification Method to Identify Emergency Department Presentations for Alternative Care Service Pathways: Registry-Based Retrospective Study Over 5 Years

Pragmatic Risk Stratification Method to Identify Emergency Department Presentations for Alternative Care Service Pathways: Registry-Based Retrospective Study Over 5 Years

A potential solution is to use diagnosis codes, which provide a clear and comprehensive reflection of a patient’s care needs compared to triage information. Using diagnosis codes provides a framework to understand population-level needs that may inform emergency care service delivery.

John Rong Hao Tay, Yohei Okada, Gayathri Devi Nadarajan, Fahad Javaid Siddiqui, Tomás Barry, Marcus Eng Hock Ong

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e73758

Improving Safety, Efficiency, Cost, and Satisfaction Across a Musculoskeletal Pathway Using the Digital Assessment Routing Tool for Triage: Quality Improvement Study

Improving Safety, Efficiency, Cost, and Satisfaction Across a Musculoskeletal Pathway Using the Digital Assessment Routing Tool for Triage: Quality Improvement Study

Remote physiotherapist-led MSK triage is widely used to stratify patients to the correct level of care, and has proven effective in reducing waiting times, unwarranted variation in clinical pathways, clinician caseload, and cost [6-8]. However, the principal rate-limiting factor in delivering triage is the availability of staff [9].

Cabella Lowe, Laura Atherton, Peter Lloyd, Anna Waters, Dylan Morrissey

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e67269

Impact of a Symptom Checker App on Patient-Physician Interaction Among Self-Referred Walk-In Patients in the Emergency Department: Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Impact of a Symptom Checker App on Patient-Physician Interaction Among Self-Referred Walk-In Patients in the Emergency Department: Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Key inclusion criteria were self-referred walk-in patients aged 18 years or older with sufficient German or English language proficiency, the ability to provide informed consent, and a treatment urgency rating of yellow, green, or blue according to the Manchester Triage System (ie, MTS 3-5, respectively) as assigned by the triage nurse.

Malte L Schmieding, Marvin Kopka, Myrto Bolanaki, Hendrik Napierala, Maria B Altendorf, Doreen Kuschick, Sophie K Piper, Lennart Scatturin, Konrad Schmidt, Claudia Schorr, Alica Thissen, Cornelia Wäscher, Christoph Heintze, Martin Möckel, Felix Balzer, Anna Slagman

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e64028

Mapping and Summarizing the Research on AI Systems for Automating Medical History Taking and Triage: Scoping Review

Mapping and Summarizing the Research on AI Systems for Automating Medical History Taking and Triage: Scoping Review

In addition, AI systems hold great promise to make patient flows more efficient at the admission of patients by improving triage [4,5]. Traditionally, triage involves a health care professional taking the patient’s medical history to systematically decide the optimal prioritization and assess the appropriate treatment for the patient.

Elin Siira, Hanna Johansson, Jens Nygren

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e53741

Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Subgroups of Misclassified Patients in the Emergency Department: Multicenter Proof-of-Concept Study

Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Subgroups of Misclassified Patients in the Emergency Department: Multicenter Proof-of-Concept Study

A triage system is a standardized system for rapid patient decision-making used in emergency departments (EDs) worldwide. Most systems classify patients into different emergency levels based on symptoms and clinical signs [1]. Triage systems are frequently established on the basis of expert opinion and may not consistently undergo validation [2]. Preventing triage misclassification is the main objective of triage.

Sage Wyatt, Dagfinn Lunde Markussen, Mounir Haizoune, Anders Strand Vestbø, Yeneabeba Tilahun Sima, Maria Ilene Sandboe, Marcus Landschulze, Hauke Bartsch, Christopher Martin Sauer

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e56382

The Triage and Diagnostic Accuracy of Frontier Large Language Models: Updated Comparison to Physician Performance

The Triage and Diagnostic Accuracy of Frontier Large Language Models: Updated Comparison to Physician Performance

The triage (level/urgency of care to seek) and diagnostic accuracy of the GPT-3 model were recently compared with 5000 lay individuals using the internet and 21 practicing primary care physicians [4]. The triage ability of GPT-3 was significantly inferior to that of physicians, having similar accuracy to lay individuals. The diagnostic ability was close to but below that of physicians [4]. It is uncertain whether more recent frontier LLMs are still inferior to physicians on this benchmark.

Michael Joseph Sorich, Arduino Aleksander Mangoni, Stephen Bacchi, Bradley Douglas Menz, Ashley Mark Hopkins

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e67409

Evaluation of an App-Based Mobile Triage System for Mass Casualty Incidents: Within-Subjects Experimental Study

Evaluation of an App-Based Mobile Triage System for Mass Casualty Incidents: Within-Subjects Experimental Study

The triage app is developed using Google’s Flutter framework [18], which supports multiple platforms from a single codebase—an essential feature for training and future use by different organizations. The app’s user interface is designed for ease of use during triage, transitioning from flowchart-based designs to a page flow that represents the triage algorithms.

Martin Schmollinger, Jessica Gerstner, Eric Stricker, Alexander Muench, Benjamin Breckwoldt, Manuel Sigle, Peter Rosenberger, Robert Wunderlich

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e65728

The Added Value of Using Video in Out-of-Hours Primary Care Telephone Triage Among General Practitioners: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

The Added Value of Using Video in Out-of-Hours Primary Care Telephone Triage Among General Practitioners: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

They cannot show up physically at the OOH-PC service without a prior telephone triage call. Triage GPs perform telephone triage with the use of video (video contact) or without the use of video (telephone contact), but without a clinical decision support tool. When answering a telephone triage contact, the triage GP gathers information about the reason for the encounter. Based on this information and their clinical experience, the triage GP decides if the telephone triage contact is suitable for video use.

Mette Amalie Nebsbjerg, Katrine Bjørnshave Bomholt, Claus Høstrup Vestergaard, Morten Bondo Christensen, Linda Huibers

JMIR Hum Factors 2024;11:e52301

Accuracy of a Commercial Large Language Model (ChatGPT) to Perform Disaster Triage of Simulated Patients Using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) Protocol: Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Study

Accuracy of a Commercial Large Language Model (ChatGPT) to Perform Disaster Triage of Simulated Patients Using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) Protocol: Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Study

Among the many possible uses for Chat GPT in medicine, patient triage is an interesting case study. AI-guided triage could be particularly useful in disaster medicine, where circumstances may require inexperienced health care providers to perform triage. One can imagine triage performed by AI where the provider enters patient information as text, and the patient’s triage code is outputted. This might allow physicians, first responders, nurses, or even the patients themselves to perform triage.

Jeffrey Micheal Franc, Attila Julius Hertelendy, Lenard Cheng, Ryan Hata, Manuela Verde

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e55648