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Authors’ Reply: Foundation Models for Generative AI in Time-Series Forecasting

Authors’ Reply: Foundation Models for Generative AI in Time-Series Forecasting

In our work, we intended to refer to FMs as models that have been trained on extremely large and typically unlabeled datasets, encompassing both models that are inherently capable of generative tasks and models that can be adapted for generative forecasting tasks (eg, clinical language models).

Rosemary He, Jeffrey Chiang

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e79772

Foundation Models for Generative AI in Time-Series Forecasting

Foundation Models for Generative AI in Time-Series Forecasting

The first list features models for time-series forecasting, while the second includes large language models trained on electronic health records (referred to as clinical language models [CLa Ms]) that take text as input and may produce text as output.

Diva Beltramin, Cedric Bousquet

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e76964

Impact of Demographic and Clinical Subgroups in Google Trends Data: Infodemiology Case Study on Asthma Hospitalizations

Impact of Demographic and Clinical Subgroups in Google Trends Data: Infodemiology Case Study on Asthma Hospitalizations

For instance, Google Trends (GT) data, which measure the relative volume of searches on a specific topic or term, have shown promising results as a complementary tool to classical surveillance methods [6], in forecasting influenza spread and hospitalizations [14-16], for modelling COVID-19 spread [17,18], and for forecasting asthma admissions [19].

Diana Portela, Alberto Freitas, Elísio Costa, Mattia Giovannini, Jean Bousquet, João Almeida Fonseca, Bernardo Sousa-Pinto

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e51804

Generative AI Models in Time-Varying Biomedical Data: Scoping Review

Generative AI Models in Time-Varying Biomedical Data: Scoping Review

In this section, we introduce a set of traditional, ML, DL, and Gen AI models that are referenced later in the paper and list existing models used in time-series forecasting in Figure 3, as well as showing a timeline for when these models were first introduced in Figure 4 and a comparison among these methods using common metrics in Table 1. Existing models for time-series forecasting.

Rosemary He, Varuni Sarwal, Xinru Qiu, Yongwen Zhuang, Le Zhang, Yue Liu, Jeffrey Chiang

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e59792

Forecasting the Incidence of Mumps Based on the Baidu Index and Environmental Data in Yunnan, China: Deep Learning Model Study

Forecasting the Incidence of Mumps Based on the Baidu Index and Environmental Data in Yunnan, China: Deep Learning Model Study

Reference 23: Forecasting influenza activity using self-adaptive AI model and multi-source data in Chongqing Reference 26: An experimental review on deep learning architectures for time series forecasting Reference 39: Forecasting seasonal influenza-like illness in South Korea after 2 and 30 weeks using GoogleforecastingForecasting the Incidence of Mumps Based on the Baidu Index and Environmental Data in Yunnan, China:

Xin Xiong, Linghui Xiang, Litao Chang, Irene XY Wu, Shuzhen Deng

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e66072

Nowcasting to Monitor Real-Time Mpox Trends During the 2022 Outbreak in New York City: Evaluation Using Reportable Disease Data Stratified by Race or Ethnicity

Nowcasting to Monitor Real-Time Mpox Trends During the 2022 Outbreak in New York City: Evaluation Using Reportable Disease Data Stratified by Race or Ethnicity

Others have also found that forecasting performance metrics varied between early and declining mpox outbreak phases [32]. This underscores the need for nowcasting methods that will reliably perform well as epidemics grow, peak, and decline. Stratifying by race or ethnicity improved performance, and the highest average scores were observed for White patients. Performance at shorter windows was lowest for hindcasts of Hispanic or Latino patients, possibly due to a lower interview success rate.

Rebecca Rohrer, Allegra Wilson, Jennifer Baumgartner, Nicole Burton, Ray R Ortiz, Alan Dorsinville, Lucretia E Jones, Sharon K Greene

Online J Public Health Inform 2025;17:e56495

Demand Forecasting of Nurse Talents in China Based on the Gray GM (1,1) Model: Model Development Study

Demand Forecasting of Nurse Talents in China Based on the Gray GM (1,1) Model: Model Development Study

As widely known, effective health care workforce planning drives the establishment of resilient and sustainable health care systems [16], with workforce demand forecasting playing a crucial role in health care workforce planning [17].

XiuLi Wu, Aimei Kang

Asian Pac Isl Nurs J 2024;8:e59484

A Roadmap for Using Causal Inference and Machine Learning to Personalize Asthma Medication Selection

A Roadmap for Using Causal Inference and Machine Learning to Personalize Asthma Medication Selection

Forecasting which patient will respond well to which ICS is the first step toward creating this tool, but no prior study has predicted ICS response, forming a gap.

Flory L Nkoy, Bryan L Stone, Yue Zhang, Gang Luo

JMIR Med Inform 2024;12:e56572

Vector Autoregression for Forecasting the Number of COVID-19 Cases and Analyzing Behavioral Indicators in the Philippines: Ecologic Time-Trend Study

Vector Autoregression for Forecasting the Number of COVID-19 Cases and Analyzing Behavioral Indicators in the Philippines: Ecologic Time-Trend Study

Recent literature has also shown its potential use for forecasting COVID-19. Various univariate models have been used to predict the number of cases, deaths, and hospitalizations due to COVID-19 [10-14]. However, one of the criticisms of this approach is its inability to capture the interdependency of these parameters and hence, multivariate time series methods have been used to fill this gap [15,16].

Angelica Anne Eligado Latorre, Keiko Nakamura, Kaoruko Seino, Takanori Hasegawa

JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e46357

Forecasting Artificial Intelligence Trends in Health Care: Systematic International Patent Analysis

Forecasting Artificial Intelligence Trends in Health Care: Systematic International Patent Analysis

Interestingly, most of the single words with a high relative increase are linked to modern technologies within health care (“device,” “forecasting,” “inference,” and “classifying”). Similarly, some of the increasingly used word pairs are “computer aided” and “learning algorithms.” By using the patent database filter option “Applicant toplist,” a list in descending order of the number of patent applications per applicant was generated.

Stan Benjamens, Pranavsingh Dhunnoo, Márton Görög, Bertalan Mesko

JMIR AI 2023;2:e47283