The study population consisted of fourth-year medical students who graduated in 2023 from an allopathic medical school in Massachusetts and who participated in the residency match program during the 2022‐2023 cycle.

The survey was approved by the institutional review board and deemed not human research (STUDY00001121). The survey contained a description containing the risks of participation in the study, and completion of the survey implied voluntary, informed consent. No personally identifiable information was collected, and no incentives were offered.

We developed the survey based on guidelines by Artino et al [13]. After a literature review, a focus group was held to learn more about medical students’ use and opinions of social media. This information was synthesized, and survey items were created using a combination of a Likert scale, yes or no, and open-ended questions; the survey explored demographic data, the use of social media and types of platforms, preferred social media content, and the impact of social media on residency programs. The survey was reviewed by faculty and fellows and assessed for acceptability, feasibility, and content validity of survey questions. We performed cognitive interviews for the questions and then piloted and revised the survey for clarity based on user feedback from medical students. The survey had a total of 5 pages with 6 or less questions per page, and answers could be changed. The survey was then distributed to all students at our institution who graduated in May 2023.

All fourth-year medical students who graduated in 2023 at UMass Chan Medical School were eligible for the survey and emailed a link to the anonymous electronic survey (Multimedia Appendix 1). Study data were collected and managed using the Qualtrics XM platform. The survey was distributed in May 2023 and was open for 28 days. In total, 5 reminders were sent to nonrespondents and nonfinishers at 3, 7, 14, 18, and 23 days. To avoid duplicates, each participant was sent an individual link via Qualtrics.

The outcomes measured included demographic data; social media platform use (platforms that were used daily, platforms used for residency programs, and the influence of social media on stages of the residency application process); content posted on social media platforms (student content that was trusted, not trusted, desired, deterrents, and then helpful); nonsocial media resources used for learning about residency programs; and reasons why participants did not use social media.

We performed simple descriptive statistics for survey questions. Nominal variables were reported as percentages and frequencies. Ordinal variables were presented as percentages. Data analysis was conducted using Prism GraphPad (version 9.5.1).

We performed a thematic analysis using an inductive constructivist approach on deidentified responses to open-ended questions of fully completed questionnaires [14,15]. Coders (SJ and JLC) independently reviewed responses via open coding, systematically generating a preliminary list of codes for each question. Using methods outlined by Nowell et al [15], these were merged into concepts, and themes were generated via constant comparison, returning to raw data, and iterative modification to develop a consensus on themes.

Our study revealed that Instagram was the most commonly used social media platform within our cohort. Instagram has experienced the greatest growth among new residency-specific social media accounts since March 2020, and its predominant demographic characteristics are similar to those of most prospective residents [12,16-18]. It has also been cited to be the most used platform, compared to Facebook and Twitter [19].

Interestingly, although the majority of students in this cohort reported using Facebook daily or weekly, it was almost never used to learn about residency programs by our respondents. Despite Facebook being commonly cited and compared to other platforms, it was only used more than Twitter by family medicine applicants. Otolaryngology, anesthesia, and plastic surgery applicants all used Facebook less than Twitter, with all specialties citing Instagram as the most used platform [4,7,19-21]. Facebook as a platform was shown to have the least growth, the least total number of accounts across specialties, and the least utilization among most specialties in comparison to Instagram and Twitter [17,19,20]. It is unclear why students did not use Facebook to learn about residency programs, despite their overall frequent use. One possible reason is the lack of Facebook posts by residency programs. To maximize the effectiveness of their social media presence, programs might consider focusing on Instagram rather than Facebook or linking the 2 platforms, thereby reaching 2 platforms with 1 post.

We found Reddit to be the second most popular platform. Reddit has been used by anesthesia and emergency medicine applicants as sources of information but was not this highly ranked by prior studies [20,22]. Its design facilitates ease of information exchange, and its built-in anonymity affords users the opportunity to post content without fear of repercussions. Students acknowledged that while anonymity introduces the potential for bias, anonymous online chat and discussion boards still have the potential to be trustworthy sources of information. Additionally, it is worthwhile for programs to note that negative anecdotes published on Reddit or similar platforms can deter students from programs and can be seen by those without social media accounts. The increasing popularity of Reddit suggests that it is a worthwhile avenue for social media outreach during the residency application season [22].

As social media influence the residency process, respondents are affected by their opinion and rank of a program. Social media can positively influence the opinions of programs, congruent with prior urology, otolaryngology, and plastic surgery studies, with a quarter of students’ decisions affected by social media when creating their “rank list” [7,8,23]. However, as compared to Naaseh et al [9], who found 74% of respondents increased the number of programs they applied to due to social media, we found no significant effect when applying to programs found in our study despite the positive overall impression of the program in our study along with anesthesia, general surgery, and family medicine [4,9,11,20]. Based on studies, social media can influence opinion and rank of a program, which may ultimately change where a student matches for residency and whether a residency program is able to fill all its residency positions.

Regardless of surgical or nonsurgical specialty, posts that showcase resident and faculty relations, social events, and educational material are seen as the most desired content. As seen in our study, applicants desire a sense of camaraderie and resident wellness where “the residents are spending time together and enjoying it even if they were posting them working on the floor together” [19,21]. Consistent with prior studies, applicants are interested in the resident life in and outside of the hospital [19]. “Day in the Life” posts, where residents showcase a typical working day, can help students understand what their day-to-day life will be like at a particular program. They can also help to showcase aspects of the program that are difficult to show within the virtual interview setting, such as personnel interactions, diversity, and wellness [11,21]. Finally, they can be an adjunct to highlight specific program information, including curricula, electives, rotations, research, conferences, and even interview-specific information. These are all aspects sought by students in their evaluation of a program’s social media presence and can be leveraged in the recruitment of residency candidates.

Importantly, social media can also have a negative influence on prospective applicants. Our study shows that social media accounts that do not consistently post or save content can leave the “impression of overworked residents who did not have time to post, or programs with less wellness or bonding activities to show off,” consistent with prior investigations [24]. Negative anecdotes and comments left on anonymous platforms by single individuals, although possibly isolated, nonrepresentative experiences, can have a profound negative influence on an applicant’s perception of a program, and it can be exceptionally difficult to correct these views. Programs must keep in mind that the amount and content a program posts and anonymous negative anecdotes can contribute to a negative opinion of a program, potentially affecting the application and rank process.

In our cohort, approximately one-third of the applicants did not use social media and reported using other resources. Thus, it is imperative to ensure that the official program website and Google are updated and accurate. Traditional resources include FREIDA, Doximity, word of mouth, current and past residents, and contacts within the institution [4,11,12]. These are all highly trusted content used by both social media users and nonusers.

With Instagram being the most popular social media platform, residency programs would likely benefit the most from using Instagram as their main social media platform [9,12,19,20]. Although an exact threshold is unknown, students associate less frequent Instagram posts with decreased resident wellness, and frequently posting information about residents, faculty, and program information is important for a program’s image. High-impact posts might feature a particular resident for a “Day in the Life,” social activities both inside and outside of the work environment, and highlights from resident wellness days and resident-faculty interactions. These can be categorized and saved, enabling prospective applicants to easily view them at later dates. Efforts should focus on creating authentic posts that showcase the people, diversity, and culture of the program in a fun manner while taking care to avoid professional, ethical, and legal violations [25]. Students want a glimpse of what it is like to be a resident at a particular program, and posts containing pictures and videos can enable them to see and understand the program better in the current landscape of recruitment.

As this is a survey-based study, the survey is subject to selection and response bias, with potential inaccuracies in the participants’ recollection of their social media usage and influence in the residency application process. However, this is the first survey across specialties to delve into the social media usage throughout their residency application process; it has to be done after Match day. We attempted to limit response bias by ensuring anonymity and distributing this survey between match day and prior to graduation to all students in this class. We had no responses that indicated they did not match and did not ask whether any applicants went through the SOAP (Supplemental Offer and Acceptance Program) process. Thus, it is possible that those likely to respond may have been those who used social media throughout the application process and those who did not have to go through the SOAP process. Further studies could look at social media use in those that matched during the NRMP (National Resident Matching Program) or the SOAP process to see if there was a difference. Questions could also directly ask about positive and negative influence to gain more information on the drawbacks of social media while being a neutral question stem.

Although the survey was developed based on the guidelines of Artino et al [13], it needs to be further validated in the future. This was a single-center study from an allopathic medical school, limiting the generalizability of the findings, as social media patterns may vary among regions and medical schools. Thus, a multi-institutional study that examines applicants’ use of social media throughout their application, interview season, and ranking process is needed to further elucidate information to be used by programs. Studies could delineate the widespread use of social media by specialties, as well as whether the applicants matched into their specialty of choice or not. Specific content that students are interested in could also be looked at for specialty (ie, procedural-based vs non–procedural-based specialties or adult vs pediatric specialties).

This study offers important insights into the effects of social media on residency recruitment from the student perspective. Students use social media platforms, specifically Instagram, to make informed decisions in their residency application process; therefore, programs can use these platforms to augment their recruitment. This information can help programs develop their social media platforms to cater to their target audience and mitigate the potential negative influence of social media. With the increasing popularity of social media among this generation of applicants, its use in the residency match process is expected to increase, with the current leading social media platforms being Instagram and Reddit.